Portugal Exploration Essay

Introduction The Lusitanian geographic expedition noblelighted the lands ascendancy to sparing growth and baron. Explorations ar never easy endeavors. peeled lands will be disc overed, wherein achieving success is thereof very uncertain. Moreover, the mere fact that the rustic needs to put out any the materialsfrom food to ship repairs, ar too expensive. However, although explorations be m have a bun in the ovened by dubiety and despairing skies, its outcome buns run short to enormous wealthiness and realizes that will en subject the realm to experience abundance in knead home the bacon years to come. When Portugal never gave up its hopes and dreams regarding land discoveries, such(prenominal) big closing resulted to positive results. At the onset of the 16th century, Portugal pioneered explorations in the whole line of achieve manpowert of Europe, thus, discovering to a greater extent and new routes to Africa, the Atlantic, Asia and even South America (Po rtugal n.d). In the beginning, cryptograph has expected Portugal to literally conquer the humanity. The nation was past torn with pauperism and to a certain extent, economic deterioration (Arnold 2002, p. 22). Given this situation at hand, domination is totally taken out of the picture. If Portugal throw out non even feed its testify people, then it would be readily out of the question for it to sustenance the demands of land explorations and discoveries. However, this did non prevent the nation from pursuing its dreamsfrom materializing the aim to make its name deep down the torn pages of history books.It turned out that Portugals recognizemingly hopeless case is one of its greatest blessings. Since the state of matter was in its severe state, it has no some separate choice but to continue with the explorations. If success seems to be im practical within the domain of land-based expansion, then there is still hope when such is make overseas (Arnold 2002, p.22). As Ar nold (2002) explained, Portugals seafaring success essentially replaced the land-based orientation of wealth and power that was established by the evolving Spanish (empire) (p. 22).Factors find Portugals exploration success There are different factors that are attributed to Portugals exploration successes. These three are super characterized by ocean training as well as the perpetual support given(p) by the Portuguese government. The operateing signal factor has something to do with Portugals geographical position (Portugal n.d). Portugal can be seen a yen the west side of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal n.d). Livingstone implied (1993) that the nation is readily blessed with its strategic location (p. 41). It possesses rivers that are ample replete to be navigated (Livingstone 1993, p. 41). It has favorable winds (Livingstone 1993, p. 41) that can take ships into their planned journeys or destination. The last but non the least is the existence of raw and organic fe rtilizer harbors which creates a perfect and highly suitable setting for marine evolution (Livingstone 1993, p. 41). If one has to take a closer look, this cheek alone puts Portugal into a great advantage over its rivals or competitors. Once and for all, circumnavigating the world requires not barely human skills, nature likewise plays an important role. Although, exceptional navigation ta adds are expected to arise, there is no doubt that if nature decides to intervene, the run for would be more difficult and complicated as expected. It can be alike implied that Portugals geographical design enabled the last mentioned to discover more efficient routes from any angle. The crew can easily research more unknown areas since they perk up easily reference points that are essential in establishing maps. On the different hand, the second factor can be traced to Portugals developing mari era economy (Portugal, n.d). The ports of Lisbon and Oporto became the cente of commerce an d patronage for the country (Portugal n.d). Mostly of the financial means that were employ to support the voyages came from these passel districts (Portugal, n.d). However, out from financing the navigation plans, Maddision (2006) also mentioned that the bays and coast cities of Portugal is abundant enough to supply the needs and demands of the local residents (p.22). Aside from trading per se, it can be seen that Portugal has former(a) shipway of gaining incomes, acquire and revenues.But then again, perhaps the greatest contributions of the maritime industry are the vast knowledge and information that Portuguese fisherman has learned due to their constant and continuous immersion with the Atlantic seas (Maddison 2006, p.22). Their program line of sea winds, tides and weather (Maddison 2006, p.22). It allowed Portuguese explorers and navigators to conduct more research on navigation. Yet, more than anything else, they were able to build ships that can withstand the pressure s and hardships brought forth by unfathomable oceans (Maddison 2006, p.22). They created lateen crosss and in the long run, they combined it with square sails which allowed them to sail through the South Atlantic and promote discover more ways or routes in the curtain area (Maddison 2006, p.22). Lastly, the third determinant of the Portuguese explorations success stems from the fact that its monarchy readily showed support and boost for these plans (Portugal n.d). The government reassured that valuate privileges and insurances are available for both the ship owners and navigators (Portugal n.d). As a matter of fact, it is not only the exponent that readily lent a helping hand to make these undertakings possible. Even members of the aristocracy conscious that they can be pillars of strength and encouragement (Portugal n.d). Obviously, without the systems support and permission, the voyages would not happen. As previously mentioned, even if there are enough materials and supplie s if the monarchy is not open to the idea, then Portugals domination may not come into place.The essential role of the Portuguese government, in this aspect can be briefly understood in several points. Once and for all, the tax regulations enabled the nation to satisfy the prerogatives of exploration and at the same time date a healthy lifestyle for its local citizens. Second, the monarchy served as a brawny influence for both the explorers and local residents. If the king ref functiond such plans, then the customary would not be able to recognize its value and importance.Since local residents are the ones who are chiefly involved in production works, the explorers would squander a hard and difficult time convincing these people about their dreams and visions, if the king per se, would show doubts regarding the matter. Moreover, the monarchy is in charge of making decisions on how they can possible benefit from the discoveries that they madeto be more specific, the Portuguese go vernment is in charge of devising strategies on how they can possible gain profits and revenues on new routes and land areas. This is important for unless the people know that they benefit from it, they would continue to support such plan.A Brief History of Portugal Exploration In order to further reasons behind the success ad trouble of the Portuguese exploration, it is best to ware a brief discussion or outline of the nations navigation history. As mentioned earlier, the contributions of Portugal in the world can neither be questioned not taken for granted. Even though it has eventually declined in the long years to come, it cannot be discounted that Portugal is one of the a few(prenominal) nations that have coiffed to maintain and still control its colonies by the end of the nineteenth century (Diffie & Winius 1977, p. 4). The mere fact that it was able to sustain such set-up exemplifies its power and strength. Diffie and winius (1977) explained that Portugal was inspired by the accomplishments of the Han and Roman Empires (p.4). However, since it cannot fully embarked on land-based conquests and imperialism, discovering other lands became the last recourse, and as discussed, natures blessings made a way for the nation embarked on long journeys and voyages. The imbedations of the Portuguese exploration can be traced to as far as 1415 (Wiarda 200, p. 21). In those times, Ceuta was then considered as the center of gaminess stack in the west (Wiarda 2000, p.21). Portugal has managed to put Ceuta under its control and thus the urge to control more lands became irresistible. While Ceuta was then an important investiture for Portugal, Wiarda (2000), however noted that Portugals main goal by that time was to spread Christianity to Morrocco (p.4). Within the aspect of colonialism, religion is an indespensbale tool. The Portuguese readily used the matter to interact with the natives. Due to language barriers, it would be hard for both the colonizers and the colony to understand or communicate with each other. Thus, the concept of having a Supreme Being bridged the gap between the two races. But on a closer examination, the downfall of Morocco, inspired many of Portuguese warriors and soldiers to bring more honor, glory and prestige to their very own mother country (Wiarda 200, p.187). In addition to that, Prince heat content who happened to be the very world-class sensation of Portuguese explorations have heard stories from prisoners about lands and areas that were still unascertained (Portugal n.d). The amaze of Morocco allowed Prince atomic number 1 to have his first taste of the African cost (Portugal n.d). Having give tongue to this, indeed, his crotchet was further heightened. The excitement and passion to conquer more lands became stronger than ever.Prince Henry The Navigator The success in Ceuta encouraged Prince Henry to show his undying support to explorations. Prince Henry can be best described as someone who knew how to transform his visions and ideals into realistic issues and concerns. The prince knows that explorations may not necessarily interpret to positive results. But this did not discourage him. Despite of the fact that there is a strong enthusiasm and excitement on Prince Henrys part, Wiarda (2000) stated that this does not mean that that the young hunt downer was already sure of explorations benefits and advantages (p.21). correspond to Wiarda (2000) Prince Henrys primary concern by then was the budding market for exotic and wild animals (p.21). But in the long run, explorations commercial benefit was slowly embedded into the princes young mind. On the other hand, the materialization of Prince Henrys dreams came into the picture during the reign of Joao II (Wiarda 2000, p. 21). The foundations of an exploration plan have been successfully laid out. Gallagher (2003) noted that the first move was to discover a route from Africa that can easily lead to India (p.5). With all these en deavors, the monarchy assured that they will handle all the transactions and see to it that it profiteering activities would be efficiently managed (Gallagher 2003, p. 80). The competition against Spain led Portugal to keep its navigation development in extreme secrecy (Gallagher 2003, p.5). Even the voyages per se were kept hidden (Gallagher 2003, p5). During those times, blanket Bojador was seen as the end of the world (Wiarda 2000, p.187). Since there is already a signal pr permission from the monarchy to explore more, Prince Henry in return, challenged his men to go beyond the limits of Cape Bojardor (Wiarda 2000, p. 187). The whole crew landed in Madeira in 1420 and seven years after, the Portuguese explorers made their first abuse in Azores (Keefee et. al 1977, p.60). This was also the time when Portugal finally confirmed that Cape Bojador was not the worlds end point (Keefe et.al 1977, p.60). This is simply the start of Portugals domination. Even though the so-called Navig ator died in 1460 (Portugal, n.d), his legacies was keep and still promoted by the succeeding Portugal rulers. Historians and members of the academe outlined several searching reasons regarding Prince Henrys obsessions. One of this is the urge to know more lands beyond Cape Bojador (Portugal n.d). In an era wherein bigger colonies equate to more economic successes, going beyond Cape Bojadors geographical limitations is an outright advantage. other reason is Portugals aim to develop exchange relations to other areas or counties (Portugal n.d). There is also the aim to study the strength of their rivals and at the same time, ensure that battles will be waged against those who opposed Christianity and therefore ensure that the religion would proliferate (Portugal n.d).Reasons for Exploration In general and not only for Portugal, there are three determinants of why explorations happen or derive. The first one has something to do with the spice trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). Spices suc h as nutmeg, mace, ginger, cinnamon and idea are sanely popular in the European regions trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). The Ottomans were able to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean barter trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236) Because of this, European envoys had no other choice but to look for alternating(a) routes. Since spices are very much in demand, there is no doubt that to become a spice supplier would indeed result to an subjoin in profits and revenues. The supply is low and the demands are high. Therefore, those who are able to satisfy the demand can also ask for a high price. This argument are also supported by Kiple and Omelas (2000, p.436). Kiple and Omelas (2000) mentioned that many European countries, most especially those which are engaged in exploration are also seeking for a new route to get a steady supply of spices (p. 436). This according to the two, prompted competing nations to further improve their navigation evasive action and skills. The competition is stiff a nd they cannot remain calm. However, as for this case, since Portugal has already explored the areas beyond Cape Bojador, the challenge became an easy feat for the country. During the initial steps, it was the Arabs that has total control over the matter (Wolpert 1999, p.45). However, a small fleet, headed by Vasco de Gama made the Arabs surrender (Wolpert 1999, p.45). According to Wolpert (1999), although De Gamas success enabled Portugal to establish a monopoly over spice trade (p.45). His triumph and glory is more than enough to pay from all the expenses that were dog-tired during his journey (Wolpert 1999, p.45). Roupp (2001) also noted that technology can be also considered as one of Portugals motivating force for explorations (p. 236). The technological aspect means that as man continue to develop materials and tools to satisfy their needs, this brought them other opportunities. As for the case of Portugal, since they are able to build ships and sails that are highly capable or navigating the earth, soon they found it that if they can further call forth these materials and incorporate several functions such as incorporating military weapons like the cannons, for example, they can easily defeat their enemies and those who are creating conflicts and hindrances (Roupp 2001, p. 236). Lastly, Roupp (2001) stressed that rareness levels were readily high during the Renaissance period and thus, it became a motivational force for many nations to explore more of the unknown world (p.236). In the meantime, if one has to critically measure it, it is apparent that the goal for profit and revenues best explains the intensity of Portuguese explorations. As readily discussed, the passing years allowed Portugal to diversify its economic hold and control. Prince Henrys focus on the exotic animal market shifted into another(prenominal) realm since the monarchy has also recognized the other benefits of voyages and expeditions. It can be also remembered that Portugal is also one of the pioneers of the slave trade in Africa.Since they have discovered more lands in the said continent, colonization was reshaped. From goods that are bartered, human trade became popular too. The cheap labor rendered by captured slaves and prisoners were seen as a good source of profit and income. Moreover, there is also the spice trade which further strengthened Portugals domination. Since they basically spearheaded the exploration quests and technology, they have readily capitalized on it. The return of investments was more than what they have expected.Portugals Failure Although Portugal was basically at the apex of its exploration successes the country failed to see certain events that would eventually lead to its bitter downfall. Perhaps this can be best explained by the countrys inability to manage all its colonies (Portugal n.d). It has been carefully discussed in this paper that Portugal was able to discover more lands. This readily means that once they have settl ed in those areas, they have to efficiently supervise all the activities that occur in it. This situation should not come as a wonder or it is rather expected. First of all, it is pretty impossible for Portugal to directly manage its colonies since they are miles away from each other. The empire has to send its people to those areas in order to ensure that everything falls in their proper places. But contrary lands prohibit simultaneous coordination and interaction among the leaders. For the monarchy, it is pretty hard for it to establish seize solutions and regulations for their colonies unless they have actual experience of the problem that is being manifested in a particular area. It would take months and years before updates and reports can be transfer to the King. The moment that actions are ratified and certain laws are promulgated, there is a strong tendency that the problem has already become worse or the approaches used are no lifelong applicable. In addition to that, viceroys and appointive leaders have to be financially supported by the monarchy. This is done to ensure that area rulers have enough supply of food and other materials to sustain their everyday lives and activities. But of course, the financial support came from the local residents taxes and hard-earned money. In the long run, there are also instances wherein the monarchy can no longer back-up and support these needs. This is most especially true if Portuguese leaders have already built their families in their respective colonies. As a result, the profits and revenues that they have collected from their colonies are barely enough for them to extend their girdle and manage their specific domains. It is also important to note that distance issues are also prone to illegal activities. Appointed leaders could be tempted by the seemingly lucrative activities that are present in their colonies. When monitoring, coordinating and interacting are rarely practiced, then there is no doubt t hat Portuguese found itself on the losing end. The last but definitely not the least is the stopping point of King Sebastian (Portugal n.d). This sad event proved to be a luxurious opportunity for Spain. King Philip II, who was the Spains rulers and King Sebastians uncle took over the latters position. What happened to Portugal then was that, it became Spains province (Portugal n.d). Relatively, the techniques and strategies that Portugal created and developed were exploited by Spain. Thus all the forthcoming success was now done in the name of Spain instead of Portugal.Conclusion Portugal is basically engulfed with the sweet promises of explorations and land discoveries. Although Roupp (2001) suggested that curiosity plays an important role, this aspect is outlasted by the need for profit and revenues (p.236). Once and for all, since Portugal has captured Ceuta, they have already recognized that if they can discover more lands, they can use the domains working force to their own advantage. They can ask the natives to produce goods that are widely popular in the European market. Moreover, it is pretty impossible to conclude that Portugal simply tried to know new routes for curiositys sake alone. The spice trade for example and the countrys domination and supremacy on the said area are manifestations of the brutish drive for both economic and geographic expansion. However, since offshore management was not efficiently executed, such led to the downfall of what was once considered as the globes superpower.ReferencesArnold, D. 2002. The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600. Routledge USADiffie, B and Winius, D. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire. atomic number 25, USA University of Minnesota PressGallagher, A. (2003). Prince Henry the Navigator Pioneer of Modern Exploration. New York Rosen publish Group IncKeefe, E. et. al (1977). Area Handbook for Portugal. Washington, DC U.S. Government make OfficeKiple, K and Omelas, K. 2000. The Cambridge arena H istory of Food. Cambridge University Press EdinburghLivingstone, D. 1993. The Geographical impost Episodes in the History of A Contested Enterprise. Blackwell Publishing USAMaddisson, A. 2006. The World Economy. OECD FrancePortugal n.d. University of Calgary. Retrieved 18 March 2008 from http//www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.htmlRoupp, H. 2001. How to Prepare for SAT II. 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