Reviewing The Identity Of Looked After Children Social Work Essay

Reviewing The Identity Of Looked by and by Children br otherly Work EssayThis testify explores how the indistinguishability Looked aft(prenominal)ward claw contribute to oppression and discrimination in two specific aras of Education and Health. The essay result analyse the determination of ordinance and policy in combating or promoting discrimination and oppression. The history, societal attitudes, views of the pincerren and theories underpinning looked after tikeren ordain in addition be discussed at heart the essay. Finally I entrust focus on the implications and relevance to genial Work pr dressice.For the purposes of clarity I will start by defining oppression, discrimination and imperfection. Thompson (1997) identifies oppression as the disregarding of individuals or group of peoples rights resulting in inhuman or scurrilous intercession with dominance and power by one group oer another. For Thompson (2006), discrimination refers to a process of unfair or un equal treatment of individuals or groups resulting in undermining the interests of people from a slight powerful socio-economic class inwardly hunting lodge. From the two definitions of Oppression and Discrimination it batch be deduced that the topographic pointting green elements argon abuse of power and privilege associated with degrading treatment of the less fortunate individuals or groups of people in society. A position. from discrimination and Oppression it is briny(prenominal) to mention Stigma as another attribute that is prevalent and use as a tool for social riddance. transformation in friendship Assignment 1016433Goffman, (1963), and Parker and Aggleton, (2003),s theories of stigma jock us to come across how stigma is constructed and its settle in peoples lives. Goffman (1963), describes stigma as an attribute that is deeply descending within a get off the groundicular social interaction, where the person possessing the attribute falls gip of societal e xpectations. Parker and Aggleton (2003) interpret stigma as a tool of preserving or undermining social structures. They view stigma and discrimination as functional dodgings which get boundaries between those in power and those without. Through much(prenominal) power, social inequalities ar developed leading to creation of social norms. Social norms formulate stigma as they g everyplacen interactions between people and reinforce power structures that litigate to isolate those that atomic number 18 regarded as outsiders. Both theories help us to understand the roots of stigma, prejudice, negative attitudes and its repair to Looked After squirtren after Children.The last terzetto decades crap hold outd a huge overhaul and introduction of legislation and policies seeking to apostrophize the selects of baberen. The Childrens pretend 1989 (CA 1989) reformed Law relating to children and in particular set out the frame wager for the provision of subscribe to for children an d families and for the apology of children in England and Wales. This was in line with the the United Nations on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC 1989) which was the first base legally binding International instrument to provoke the rights of children throughout the world. slay and Parker (2007).Diversity in Society Assignment 1016433It is important to mention them quest initiatives when discussing issues relating to the welf atomic number 18 of children The Quality Protects 1998, Chidren Leaving C atomic number 18 Act 2000, Adoption and Children Act 2002, the Choice Protects policy, the Childrens Act 2004, Every Child Matters 2004, C atomic number 18 Matters (Green and White accounts) and The Children and four-year-old Persons Act 2008. Some of these initiatives and legislation were introduced to reinforce Safeguarding children and also in solvent to get acrosss of abuse, neglect and harm to children in different institutions of residential care in the UK with the most publi cised individual geeks such as the deaths of Victoria Climbe ( 2000). It was revealed that supply add with vulnerable children were not adequately trained, rigorously checked on recruitment, no support and vigilance towards diversity and payness. A number of inquiries handle Laming Report (2003) recommendations are also worth mentioning which revealed significant failings within the individuals and organisations which are meant to be looking after children. As a result in that respect was a lot of media coverage and society as a exclusively questioned the role of government, laws and all individuals melt downing with children and vulnerable people. The Childrens Act ( 2004) emerged in reaction to careing these shortcomings and to improve operate. In 2009 Lord Laming was also asked by the government to extend an emergency progress report on issues surrounding safeguarding children fol brokening merely another death of a child Baby P in 2007. He identified and reinforced that systematic and individual failures as the give of death to a child whom they were supposed to look and care for. Laming report (2009).. Research has questioned how effective and how far the above initiatives reduced the discrimination of Looked after children. Examples of such research just to name a few Children arrest of the Children Act (1989), Discrimination Against Young People in cathexis repute my message (1993), The Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care in England bear (2006), Barriers to change in the Social Care (2000),Busting at the seams (2010) and the recent sentiment BBC programme on experiences of children leaving Care. The UK is a multicultural society and Diversity should be understood and be a tool for most of the policy makers and legislators to make laws which provoke equality. Diversity according to Blaine (2007) is associated with the presence of differences in society in relation to gender, race, ethnicity, religion, social class and sexual orien tation. These differences are uncomplete sound nor bad but some of the differences are associated with inequality and disadvantage. Social make believe out practice is concerned with potency, anti discriminatory practice, social referee and redressing inequality in line with human rights. Burke and Parker (2007)Cocker and Allain (2008) constitute Looked After Children and Young People as children in the care of the local anesthetic authority, through a Care Order made by a court or voluntary agreement with their parent(s) to accommodate them. They may be looked after in a childrens home ,by foster carers, or other family members. All unaccompanied asylum seeking children are also Looked After Children.Diversity in Society Assignment 1016433According to (Dfes Statistics 2010) reveal that on that point were about 64,400 looked after children as at 31 March 2010, an addition of 6 per cent from 2009 and an growth of 7 per cent since 2006.. Mostly the main reason of existence ness in care, was because of abuse or neglect (52 per cent.thither were 3,400 alone Asylum Seeking Children (UASC) who were looked after at 31 March 2010. This is a diminish of 12 per cent from 2009. As these statistics reveal there is an increase in the number of Looked after children to date although there is a decrease in the Unaccompanied Asylum Seeker Children (DfES 2010)Hogg and Vaughan (2002) views personal identity as associated with the process an individual becomes who they are in the perceive of personhood and others view of who they are. what is more a person has multiple identities and these needs to be seen as part of the whole individual as disregarding some aspects would be lead astray and reductive of the individuals identity. Graham (2000) make head mood highlight that identities halt different meanings and are not fixed but change over time as a result of environment, personal circumstances and outside influences. These influences will significantly affec t the social experience and the self image of those defined, through, for example the experience of negative discrimination.Diversity in Society Assignment 1016433All aspects of a childs identity needs to be recognised and ac experienced regardless of gender, race, ethnicity or religion. By developing a positive identity children are motivated and their self dream up is enhanced for them to feel a sense of value, be enormous and worth Blaine (2007). However Cocker and Allain (2008) argue that not all environments are positive in fostering this idea. When this occurs the child becomes withdrawn and shy to open up and engage. Having a looked after child identity endangers a child to be different, socially excluded, marginalised and denied equal opportunities in accessing services. Assessing Children in Need and their Families practice Guidance (2000) As such Social proletarians need to adopt and work with a culturally sensitive shape up and apply the balancing act to enhance th e resilience concept. Masten (1994) cited in Daniel et al (2002)Burke and Parker (2010) further argue that the Social Work context and the involvement of a Social worker in a childs life applies and identify the child as different. This is revealed by the bureaucratic and comprehensive paperwork, regular review and educational meetings, visits, tangency arrangements and procedures and guidelines are associated with the looked after child but are not experienced by most children in normal life settings. However this arguement is dismissed by Garret (2003) cited in Burke and Parker (2010) when he affirms that paperwork and bereacratic procedures are essential tools for a social worker to use in helping them identify and goal important developmental needs of the child but should however pull ahead more one to one contact with the child rather than disbursal time on paperwork.In Education Research has revealed that Looked after children do not perform well and are likely not to hav e (GCSE) and most likely risk being expelled from School due to behaviour. Statistics exhibition that a third of the 60 0000 looked after children obtain a GCSE and a further fifth obtain fewer than basketball team GCSEs. Although these figures are start out than a few old age ago, they are still much high than for children as a whole more than half not obtaining five or more GCSEs compared to less than one in ten children as a whole. this includes Black minority and white as well DfES (2010). Because of their identity as Looked after children they are disadvantaged and discriminated against at School and in matters related to education. The Social Exclusion Unit (2003) published a catalogue ( A Better Education for Children in Care which highlighted 5 reasons for the misfortunate learning levels ranging from Instability caused by insecure endowments, bullying, lack of support and rise at home , time out of school due to expulsion, support and encouragement and emotional, mental or sensible health. From the above five highlighted issues it can be summarised that the home environment plays a crucial role in enhancing education. Schofield and Beek (2009) suggest parents and people at home where the child lives need to be supportive and encouraging to the child learning mastery. School environment should crowd learning that develops a child holistically to facilitate the self discovery rule and ingesting themselves as they interact with other children.This is not always the case as children are disrupted of continuity in settling and qualification friends if placement breaks down. Sometimes bullying at school results in low self wish Although most local authorities have put in place a number of inter disciplinary services looking at the physical, mental well being of children. However in Jackson and McParlin (2006) in their article (the education of children in care professionals are seen to be making assumptions and jumping into conclusions end ing up giving labels and long prescribed long term solutions to short term problems unnecessarily. This is associated with neglect and discrimination. more than training and cognizance of diversity, anti discriminatory practices and individualised person centred approach should be reinforced.(Every Child Matters 2004)Roger Morgan (2010) argue that the problem of poor school consummation in looked after children lies in the care and education system not in the children. They argue that the care and education systems do not address pre care experiences of the child low attainment and also failure to address the aftermath or the impact of separation when children are removed from their families. The child may be suffering from undiagnosed post traumatic melodic phrase which can erupt in any confined environment such as school classrooms. They also argue that teachers have no knowledge of the childs history. Teacher training does not equip teachers with knowledge of the care system and on addressing behaviour from Looked after children. There is also the emphasis on exaggeration of difficulties and the overuse of the term ( Challenging behaviour focuses to address the submit problems arising from the childs pre-care experiences and disappointments of being in care. The Authorities should rather focus on explaining and addressing the underperformance. They further highlight the study by (Jackson et al.2005) where a research with students in high education who had a care background was carried out over a 5 year period. The respondents experienced a high level of trauma, abuse and neglect but were placed in foster homes that were supportive and treasured education. The findings revealed that foster families who support education and celebrate the childs achievements are more likely to compensate to some level the pre care experiences and promote higher attainment in education. It is important to place children in placements which are supportive to the childs s uccess in education, foster resilience and offer a safe place to grow and achieve. To support childrens social welfare the government has put in place the Children and Young Persons Act 2008 with a commitment to promote the wellbeing of children and those who are involved in their care. Children Act (2008)In accessing Health facilities Looked after children lawsuit difficulties with mental health issues. Mostly their Health needs are unmarked and not met as they are labelled. Axford (2008) in her article exploring social exclusion noted this difficulty as more prevalent among children from Black ethnical Minority background who face a cultural, language and racism within organisations that are meant to support and look after them especially asylum seekers. There is lack of relevant and appropriate delivery of service in assessing the physical and mental wellbeing of children before placement and continuous monitoring of wellbeing through individual health plan. This can be attrib uted to lack of awareness and knowledge on the part of and role of carers and foster parents. This leaves the responsibility to the child who will most of the time ignore health issues and abscond appointments. (Young Minds )Training of carers and foster parents need to be promoted to improve delivery of service In working with looked experiences of the Children Act (1989) highlighted that there are continuing myths about the Act which are still disadvantaging Looked After children. Also children still feel they are not fully aware of their rights under the Act as they face daytime to day regulations and successive barriers. Children still feel they do not get together what the law says they should. A typical example was in socialising with restrictions on risk assessments for overnight stays by teenagers in care. This has brought a sense of discrimination and marginalisation as it is for normal teenagers to do overnight stays. Prout (2000) cited in Glenny and Roaf (2008)further p icked up another conflict and tension among within government departments and targets when he mentions that control and self realisation are both present in legislation and policy but in tension. On one refugee camp there is the idea of viewing children as individuals with a capacity for self realisation within a safe societal environment charm in the other camp there is the idea of viewing children as vulnerable and requiring control, regulation and surveillance. One example Youth Matters four challenges to help teenagers achieve the ECM outcomes.( DfES 2005, 212)Social workers need to listen, engage and work in partnership with looked after children. In a research by Sally Holland (2010) Journal of Social Work to explore the Ethics of Care as being marginalised and not being implemented and recognised it was demonstrate that lasting relationships are disrupted by placements and children often accreditd their tie in to their past and significant people in their lives. This hig hlights the importance of their individual thoroughfare in promoting their wellbeing and interpersonal relationships and future achievements. Clarke (2010) emphasises the need to sustain and promote lasting care relationships with formal carers and social workers to avoid the consequences of loss ,neglect and ineptness by listening to their story, exploring and putting their needs and choices first. Oliver et al (2010) Briefing account Advocacy for Looked After Children when they unveiled that Reseach has also highlighted that there were some ambivalence within professionals as to what extent children must be involved in decision making to matters concerning their care as well as imagery barriers. To overcome these constraints Winter (2009) suggested regular contact, feedback, advocacy and putting the needs of the child first need to be priority as children value being listened to and having their wishes fulfilled by active participation in matters concerning their wellbeing.I a lso have personal experience when I was involved in a consultation exercise with Young Persons leaving care as part of my coursework.. The Young Persons highlighted that sometimes they did not elate any feedback from social workers when they contact them. Also they mentioned that there was a lot of bureaucracy which they felt set them as different and treated them discriminatory for example social work visits at school and regular reviews or educational meetings. They felt they cherished to be treated as normal children not Service users. Barriers to switch in the Social Care (2000) suggest and support that there should be a Human rights approach in working with looked after children.Glenny and Roaf (2008) suggested previous(predicate) intervention is essential to support children and families before problems either from within the family or as a result of external factors, which have an impact on both the child and family. Government departments, statutory and voluntary organi sations have an tariff to work in partnership for the success of early intervention agenda. These teams should work together establish protocols which will help to ensure early indications of being at risk of social exclusion are addressed and receive proper attention.McLeod (1998) highlighted the need to acknowledge Child development stages. He mentions that children accept and discover themselves through stages and exposure to promote self awareness, confidence, self esteem and positive attitudes. McLeod highlighted Freuds psycho-analysis theory (1859-1939), Ericksons psycho-social development theory (1950) and Bowlbys attachment theory(1969,1973,1880,1988). This view is shared out in the literature review by Hunt (2003) cited in ( Charlotte Ritchie 2005 captious Review) which highlights that although there is no concrete evidence of kinship care over non kin foster care there are indications that chances are the occasion promotes the childs wellbeing and welfare than the latt er. This shows how important it is for Social Workers to be aware of child developmental needs and how valuable family ties are. Schofield and Beek , (2005) cited in Shaw (2010) shares the same views that past relationships with family and professionals has an impact on the childs wellbeing and ability to cope with life on their own. active parenting focusing on the childs needs and positive engagement with the child will help and promote skills to deal with difficult situations in life. It is also good to for social workers to promote resilience as a tool of empowering children so that they are equipped to face challenges and deal with their past and future. Daniel and Wassell (2002)The importance of identity is further echoed by (Goerge, 1990Testa et al., 1996 Testa, 1997 Wulczyn and Goerge, 1992) cited in (Charlotte Ritchie 2005) in her critical Paper of exploring the significance of Kinship care when she states that Identity, attachment, cultural heritage and self esteem are fu rther maintained and consolidated when a child the Great Compromiser with their family and relatives than non relative placements. This will also go a long way in alleviating the Placement shortages currently experienced by ethnic minority foster placements and also reinforce the value of cultural sensitivity in Social Work. Bates et al (1997) suggests that assessment framework should foster identity and acknowledge diversity in order to promote a childs perception of themselves and their environment. Social workers need to employ anti-discriminatory practice with a lot of opportunities and resources for self discovery. They need to support the child to discover and accept themselves. It is important to offer options to situations that promote identity in order to understand themselves and others as children need to have their own identity to mirror on.(Assessment for Children in need normal 2000) The Children and Young Persons Act (2008) also emphasise that its commitment to prom ote a childs well being and the people involved in the care of the child.Although there has been notable initiatives in addressing the needs of Looked after children for the past ten years a lot still has to be done in damage of societal attitudes, resources and safeguarding. To achieve the every child matters outcomes all the stakeholders need to work together by putting the needs and act in the scoop up interest of the child. By listening and engaging with Looked after children practitioners, politicians and policy makers will be able to improve Childrens quality of life. Anti discriminatory practice, empowerment and equal opportunities practices are part of the answer. . 3624words

Telomere Shortening: Causes and Effects

Telomere Shortening Causes and EffectsHarry McLellanIntroductionTelomeres atomic number 18 a reiterate sequence TTAGGG, a couple thousand nucleotides enormous (Kim, et al, 1994) at the give the axe of chromosomes that prevents the degradation of desoxyribonucleic acid and damps the annuls of chromosomes binding together as sound as preventing unnecessary repair. The main purpose of telomeres is preservation of DNA. During carrell parry in that location is a trim back of the telomeric sequence with from each one jail cell component (Kim, et al, 1994). Once telomeres become short enough, approaching a critical space the cell begins senescence (Blasco et al. 1997). Therefore, it has been suggested telomere duration produces a mitotic clock which could predict cell and organism death (Harley, 1991). Telomeres degrade naturally with each cell component part but genuine purportstyle factors may urge degradation and minusly affecting the health and fitness of an indivi dual. This literature review w sick of(p) look how telomere continuance is affected by lifestyle factors and ultimately how this has an action on ageing. This literature review leave behind specifically focus on the telomere continuance and aging process in humanitys. A field of operations gathering a lot of attention and netherstanding in recent classs with the military convocation to predict the higher rank of an organism and opportunities to suppress the aging process.Structure and function of telomeresTelomeres cap the ends of chromosomes (Fig. 1) and protected the connected DNA sequences during cell division.Figure 1 a schematic of the end DNA replication problem and how insensible pairs are preoccupied. Retrieved online at http//senescence.info/telomeres_telomerase.html (viewed on 18/03/2017) When the cell secernates, DNA essential be replicated. However, because DNA drop only be replicated 5 to 3, the fall back range is replicated through backwards stitchi ng. era the principal strand is replicated continuously, the fall behind strand requires RNA primers, which provide 3 hydroxyl groups to build from. thus once the primers are removed, a gap is left at the extreme point end of the lagging strand template. To stop chromosomes trim back, the end of the DNA strand is a repeating sequence (a telomere) recognised by an enzyme telomerase, which fills in the lacking nucleotides to complete the template and ensure no information is lost (Klapper et al. 1998). While telomerase activity is detected in cells with high proliferation potential, in somatic cells it is some undetected resulting in the overall shortening of telomeres with each cell division. In immortal or cancerous cells however, telomerase activity is reactivated providing the basis for unregulated and potentially infinite divisions as telomere space is repaired after division (Dunham et al. 2000).Figure 2 human chromosomes (grey) capped with stained telomeres (white) retr ieved online at http//science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2006/03/16/22mar_telomeres_resources/caps.gif (viewed on 11/03/2017)Effects of shorteningIt might be possible to predict a cells lifespan by measuring stick telomere length, an experiment using cultured human liver wind reported results of 29-60 base pair loss per year (Takubo et al. 2000). Jiang et al. (2008) and Song et al. (2010) measured the levels of stathmin and EF-1a, which mark DNA terms and dysfunction and demonstrate that there is a steady add with increasing age in humans. Resulting in the overall negative relationship with telomere length and age.Cawthon et al. (2003) found certain genetic disorders like dyskeratosis congenital, the progressive failure of bone marrow leading to early mortality can accelerate telomere shortening. Whilst normal cells loose telomere fragments with each cell division, induceers of dyskeratosis congenital will experience premature deaths and early suppuration of age related inf irmitys. The kindred have withal compared people of the corresponding age group and lifestyle and found those with naturally shorter telomeres where likely to suffer from a wide range of diseases and had woeful survival. Without being affected by life factors, telomere length changes between individual and can give an reference to the life span. Shorter telomeres can lead to genome instability and a higher jeopardy of genetic disease.Gender, genetics and diseaseIn humans there is a negative coefficient of correlation between telomere length and age, Valdes et al. (2005) published a take in that looked at one thousand women and cerebrate that the human telomere sequence is modest by 27 base pairs a year by measuring the mean TRF (telomere restriction factor) length using a southerly blot method. Brouilette et al. (2003) found there was no significant difference in telomere shortening rates or length between males and females.Inherently, telomeres can be short and when shor ter than average the individual becomes at danger of disease and a bring down lifespan (Farzaneh et al. 2008 Cawthon et al. 2003). Cardiovascular disease is commonly associated with short telomeres (Yang et al. 2009). Telomere length can in addition be affected by environmental factors (Steinert et al. 2004) not just genetic factors. Factors such as body mass, victuals, fume and purpose (Valdes et al. 2005 Cherkas et al. 2008) all cause a decrease in telomere length and eventual(prenominal) cell senescence (Stiewe and Ptzer 2001). Factors like smoking and poor fast will accelerate telomere shortening and lead to disease cultivation. Coronary nerve disease associated with short leukocyte telomeres (Brouilette et al. 2003), increased risk of mitochondrial diseases (Zee et al. 2009), atherosclerotic diseases (Van der Harst et al. 2006), diabetes (Sampson et al. 2006) and increased risk in various cancers (Wu et al. 2003). In outline gender has no effect on telomere length but short telomeres are conjugate to a variety of cancers and disease.CancerWhen telomere length becomes too short, the telomere can be subject to repair or recombination (Klapper, et al, 1998). De Lange (2005) published findings that repaired lesions are the probable cause of a cell turning cancerous. In conjunction with this Meeker (2006) stated that short dysfunctional chromosomes are involved in carcinogenesis. Using laser capture microdissection Shammas et al. (2008) looked at the function of telomeres and telomerase activity in adenocarcinoma (types of tumour) cells and found that when telomeres reach a critically short length telomerase activity increases. The same excogitate also found when telomerase activity is suppressed the tumour cells did not proliferate bring out telomeres and telomerase involvement in cancerous cells.Poor diet and smokingTelomere shortening to a critical length can cause damage to the genome and potentially turn cancerous. Long term smoking is linke d to carcinogenesis in cells (Valdes et al. 2005). Telomere length in circulating lymphocytes is show to be significantly shorter in long term smokers compared with the control no(prenominal) smokers. The exposure to tobacco has a negative effect on the telomere length and accelerates shortening (Morla, 2006). Using biomarkers accumulative DNA damage can be monitored. During ageing and or obesity there is a significant increase in biomarkers human blood. Smoking also caused there to be an increase in biomarkers (Song et al. 2010). When analysed telomeres shorten by nearly 27 base pairs a year but with introduction of smoking 20 cigarettes a day, around 31 base pairs are lost (Valdes et al. 2005) an overall detrimental effect on telomere length. In conjunction with this Epel et al. (2004) produced a think over on aerobic assay linked to smoking and telomeres and results showed cells under high aerobic stress had lower levels of telomerase activity and were more sensitised to t elomere shortening, aiding the ageing process. Overall smoking has a negative effect and accelerates shortening of telomeres, which can lead to ripening of tumours or cell death (Meeker, 2006). aerobic stress is linked with telomere shortening, which leads to DNA damage or premature cell death (Epel et al. 2004). Another factor that increases aerophilic stress is poor diet and obesity. A study on obese mice (Furukawa, 2004) showed a positive correlation between fat accumulation and increase in oxidative stress. The study also introduced a NADPH oxidase inhibitor which caused a reduction in adipose tissue (fat/ loose connective tissue) highlighting that fat accumulation is directly linked to oxidative stress. The study concluded with the introduction of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, caused the conditions of the mice to improve. The reduction in oxidative stress also reduces the telomere shortening (Valdes et al. 2005) and reducing damage to the genome. In summary an increase in oxid ative stress has a negative repair on telomere length and ageing. judge and environmentLifestyle choices impact telomeres length and so does environment an individual lives or works in. A study was conducted to look at the airborne pollutants like toluene and benzene deep down a city that humans are exposed to on a daily bases (Hoxha et al. 2009). 77 traffic exponentrs and 57 office workers had blood samples interpreted that where later analysed using real time PCR. Hoxha et al. (2009) analysed the leukocyte telomere length and found a significant difference. Traffic officers who are exposed to traffic pollutants had shorter telomere length compared to office workers. Exposure to pollutants increases telomere shorting and risk from disease and ageing. In conjunction to this Pavanello et al. (2010) studied the leukocyte telomere length in 48 hundred over workers compared to 44 controls. All none smokers and all in the same age group the coke oven workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a daily basis. Pavaello et al. (2010) concluded that coke oven workers exhibited a significantly shorter leukocyte telomere length and higher genome instability linked with disease and ageing (Farzaneh et al. 2008 Cawthon et al. 2003).When an individual becomes stressed, the adrenal steroid glucocorticoid is released. Glucocorticoid has the potential the increase oxidative stress as it is known to inhibit the activity of glutathione peroxidase (an antioxidant enzyme) (Patel et al. 2002). In rats corticosterone (adrenal steroids in rats) caused a decrease in NADPH which is an oxidase inhibitor, (Furukawa, 2004) leading to an increase in oxidative stress and telomere shortening.Stress is associated with oxidative pressure, which is linked to shorter telomeres and poor health. Epel et al. (2004) took a group of women who perceived to have a lot of stress in their life and compared them to a control group who had little stress in their life. The participants co nsisted of 58 mothers, 19 whom had healthy children and 39 who had chronically ill children. The women with chronically ill children where perceived to have a higher level of stress in their life. The study on shortening in response to stress concluded that women who have a high amount of perceived stress in their life had shorter telomeres equivalent to that of a decade of ageing compared to their control counterparts (Epel et al. 2004). Stress negatively affects telomere length and can lead to poor health and development of disease.AntioxidantsTwo groups of women and their dietary brainchild where monitored over the course of five years. The study looked at diets containing high amount antioxidants, mainly vitamin C and E exuberant foods (fish, fruit and vegetables) against diets which did not (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). By measuring telomere length, using quantitative PCR and observe the levels of fatty acids in blood, Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008) concluded that an increase in a ntioxidants correlated with a reduction in shortening of telomeres and the women participants with regular antioxidant intake generally had hourlong telomeres in comparison to the other dietary group. In a like study involving 1,067 cases and 1,100 controls, the dietary intake of antioxidants is recorded to study its involvement with the development of breast cancer in women (Shen et al. 2009). In correlation to Farzaneh-Far et al. (2008), Shen et al. (2009) found the same link of a reduction in telomere shortening with increase in antioxidants in the diet. The same paper revealed women with poor diet and low antioxidant intake were far more at risk of developing breast cancer. Antioxidant reduce oxidative damage and telomere shortening. aerophilic stress and nutrition restrictionOxidative damage increases telomere shortening and telomeres are linked to cell senescence. Oxidative damage is therefore linked to the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Dietary restriction s have been move on organisms such as rats to test whether a decrease in nutrition will decrease oxidative damage. Jennings et al. (2000) found that when nutrition is decrease so that optimal increase cannot be sustained there is an increase in longevity and this is true for a large range or organisms. In an earlier study, Jennings et al. (1999) made the link between early growth and shortened kidney telomeres in rats in later life. The rats with diet restrictions had a reduced maternal growth followed by a postnatal growth nonplus up but had longer kidney and liver telomeres, which are associated with increased longevity of up to 15% (Jennings et al. 1999). To summarise telomere shortening is accelerated by oxidative stress which in turn can be reduced by nutrition restrictions which will increase longevity.ExerciseOxidative stress from poor diet and general perceived stress can cause an speedup in telomere shortening (Epel et al. 2004 Farzaneh-Far et al. 2009). Exercise can re duce the effects of stress shortening. Two groups of mice where placed into containers. A group assumption the option to work on on a running wheel and the other group given no option to recitation. All running done was voluntary. At the end of the experiment, the mice given the option to exercise showed an increase in telomere stabilisation proteins and a suppression of cell apoptosis regulators (Werner et al. 2009). When tested on humans corresponding results occurred. When track and field athletes are compared to untrained individuals the data obtained showed an increase in reflectivity of telomere stabilisation proteins in athletes and reduced leukocyte telomere shortening (Werner et al. 2009). Regular exercise will supress the effects of stress and reduce the effects of ageing by preservation of telomeres. ConclusionTelomeres naturally shorten with time and are reflected in the aging of a human. A cell can only divide so many times before the genome becomes damaged (Klappe r, et al, 1998), in this display case the cell must begin cell senescence or apoptosis. many another(prenominal) lifestyle factors like obesity, smoking, poor diet, genetic inheritance, pollution, and stress can accelerate telomere shortening and ageing causing premature death or disease. early(a) factors work the opposite way, consumption of antioxidants can reduces oxidative stress and decompress down telomere shortening (Farzaneh-Far et al. 2008). Regular exercise can increase expression of telomere stabilising proteins (Werner et al. 2009). Restricting nutrition to limit optimal growth will increase the longevity of an organism (Jennings et al. 2000). Telomere length analysation using quantitative PCR can be used to predict the lifespan of an organism and help stop the onset of premature age related diseases.

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social wangle EssayThe engage of this assignment is to critically appraise the scientific look into topic The role of physical therapy in the treatement of subacromial impacted tooth syndrome by Dickens, Williams Bhamra (2005) term detailing the objectives of the writing, research methods used and the out(p)comes of the research determinations.What is the scientific paper is slightly?The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (20051) was to investiagte the strong suit of a physiatrics broadcast in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.This paper did non outline proper(postnominal) modalities and was reliant on convincing the reader that physical therapy should be aspected as a first line circumspection for subacromial impingement syndrome against the present orthepedic view which would swing towards operative intervention as the corrective action.The paper was promulgated by El sevier for the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy by a unite assemblage of physiotherapists and Orthepedic surgeons and was funded by the Physiotherapy Research Foundation. When combined these assemblys whitethorn pull up stakes the paper to be viewed as self servicing and lead the reader to pinpoint a neglect of impartiality.Patients for the research where taken from a delay tip for surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome. Each of these patients was independently reviewed by surgeon James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and had underwent three steroid injections into the subacromial space, granted at 6-weekly intervals as part of an exisiting protocol (Dickens et al, 2005160).The instruction was conducted in a randomised fashion in that the eighty five clients were selected by free a client on a surgical waiting incline an envelope that had in spite of appearance it any fancy or physiotherapy, 45 join the physiotherapy class while 40 joined the control chemical group. thither were atomic number 6 envelopes split 5050 mingled with the groups which leads the reader to commit this whitethorn collapse been quasi-randomised.In order to assess physiotherapy without incline clients who had previous physiotherpay treatement were excluded from the think over according to Dickens et al. Also clients with signs of cervical radiculopathy, adhesive agent capsulitis or clinically obvious rotator cuff tears or a grade III subacromial spur on their shoulder suprasinatus outlet radiograph (Dickens et al, 2005160). The randomised fashion was administered by human administrators and non via a computerised system.A control group was used and this group had no alternative merely to continue on towards surgical intervention, this progress tod a bias for this group since the hazard for having surgical intervention was P-1.Intitially the group of patients numbered eighty five patients from an initial dance orchestra of 100 envelopes. 9 of t he initial 40 patients in the control group refused to attend the repeat assessmemt at the end of the program, 3 of the physiotherapy group gloamped out for social reasons leaving 42 partcipating in thither group. over out-of-pocket to the substantial number of dropouts weight must be given to the number of unfairness to any comparsion portrayed in the paper.Follow up occurred by and by a 6 month period and performed by James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and may not experience been blind since he could have easily discussed whether they felt they still needed surgery (Dickens et al, 2005161).How the study was designed?The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (20051) was to investigate the nubiveness of a physiotherapy programme in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. According to the Webster mental lexicon the word effectiveness means to produce a coveted effect, the desired effect is not designateed in the aim. This ambiguity a fat the aim of the paper leaves any conclusion open to interpretation by the reader. When the paper is read in its entirety you could potentially interpret the aim as conveying the message that physiotherapy should be first line management for subacromial impingement therefore moving interventive surgery to second line.There is no published pilot data therefore we cannot correctly establish if the consume size for the scientific paper is justified. We do know that the randomisation exploit catered for 100 patients, 100 envelopes, of which solo 85 were taken up, 72 patients successfully making it to the reassessement stage.The age ranges within the groups have relevance to the outcome of the scientific research. We save have a mean age of each group without an destination to outliers who could locomote the statistical data. It is clear that the more junior males react better under all conditions. This contradicts the statement the two groups were well matched for age, devol ve on and initial constant score (Dickens et al, 2005161).The probability values (p-values) have been averaged (pThis lack of depth in the data provided does not tolerate the reader to establish if a null scheme was proved and may lead them to intrust this was pure coincidence. Scientific research should always start from the null conjecture point of view to ensure impartiality.The selection emergence for patients, waiting list for surgery, post steroid injection, exclusion of specific pathologies, clinical history and interrogative meant the group may have been skewed to fulfill the authors aims. Steriod injections can provide an improvement in subacromial impingement due to its anti- inflammatory effect. The selection offshoot did not seem to take into account the duration nor the severity of the impingement syndrome on the individual nor if they were receiving sermon from other practitioners not listed.There is no comminuted in dression regarding the treatment programme dispensed to the physiotherapy patients. If a specific treatment programme had been documented and applied to all patients in this group more quantative data and allowed the research to be replicated and potentially formalise by other authors. This would have also allowed the treatments to be cross indite with socio demographic data from each patient and establish sub sets within the master data.We be unsure how the null findings be interpreted since the authors do not detail this. Nor have they given any data around the chi-squ ared test. Probability values are give in a round format (pThe constant score has a low systematic misplay but is not reliable for clinical follow up in patients.The constant scores taken at the start of the research were establish on 85 patients not on the same 72 patients whom allowed themselves to be reassessed at the end of the programme. This lead to a lack of confidence in the method used by the authors to compare pre and post programme data, they may not have itemised which data belonged to each patient and therefore could not remove this anomoly.The involvement of James L Williams in the reassessment process ensured a lack of blinding and a bias, though the authors clearly did not see this position the follow up assessments were performed by JLW in a blinded situation (Dickens et al, 2005162). All assessments should have been performed by a formalise third party reusing the initial assessment criteria.Since we have no detailed information about the modalities utilised, treatment cycles matched with socio demographic information there is no clinical relevance to the outcomes. To have clinical relevance the process postulate to be reproducable which is highly unlikely based on the information presented in the scientific paper.How was the study conducted?A quasi-randomised human administer method of 100 envelopes split evenly between the control and physiotherapy groups were handed out to 85 patients. All 85patients were to ld that participation on the programme would not affect there standing on a waiting list for surgery. This insure may have affected participation since they would have already been win over of the necessity for surgery by an orthepedic surgeon.The dropping out of patients in both(prenominal) groups weakened the statistical data which the paper relies upon and imbalanced any findings. construe clinical programmes requires greater participants reducing any potential for the play of chance.How was the study analysed and were there limitation and errors in the study?Each treatment group should have been similar based on age, sex, duration of syndrome, decrease in range of movement and similar capacities to perform the home care plan. establish on the information conveyed in the paper we must assume no(prenominal) of these points were established and therefore does not allowed for each group to have a comparable baseline. The quasi-randomised allocation of each patient to a group en sured that the treatment groups were not comparable.Since all participants stayed within their allocated groups we can establish that the intention was for the results to be analysed by intention to treat. Unfortunately there were patient withdrawals from the programme which would allow to construe that the comparision of treatments would no longer be fair. Also the treatment get within the physiotherapy group as a whole may have differed from individual to individual but no patient move between groups.Not enough importance was placed on statistical information like the control group having members who improved, yet were not convolute in the physiotherapy programme. Also confounding may have occured due to the pre programme steroid injection. Steroid injections are interrelated to anti inflammatory improvements in a range of impingement syndromes. The report had no reference to any confidence intervals which would have ensured the removal of the chance effect and imporved the su bstance of any statistics.The lack of statistical data in table format and the reliance on prose within the paper show the paper to be more a marketing document than a reliable get-go of data. Quantative data tables would have allowed the reader to view and validate the authors outcomes. This lack of emancipation in data lead the reader to wonder does the data very support the outcome. The approach of only conveying results taken by the authors, could create suspicion in the mind of the reader, undermines the credibility of the paper.Side make are an important factor in all scientific research papers. What if the brass effect of the treatment modalities outwayed the alternative approach taken by the control group. Effectiveness of treatment and a lesser set of side effects would need to be established against the control group to ensure there is no bias. Since there is no mention of side effects for either groups we can only assume that the authors wished to purposefully withho ld this information. This factor only would ensure that it clinical relevant is negated.How would you interpret the study and what if any are the implications of the study for your practice?The main finding confirms that a physiotherapy programme is of benefit (Dickens et al, 2005163) does not confirm the objective of the scientific paper. All the paper conveys is that there are successful alternatives to surgery for a subset of the population. There are too many pervasive factors to rely on the statistical implication of the data put forward by the authors. No true finding can be extracted from the paper and it portrays a message set by the authors who went out to prove it.Therefore I cannot see any render by the authors to perform a null hypothesis test which should have been their approach. The only assumption to an attempt at a null hypothesis is the assumption that at the outset of the programme no difference existed between all patients in each group. Other alternatives coul d account for the 11 physiotherapy group patients improving, steriod injection, age, multifariousness in lifestyle etc.This overlooking of the steroid injection pre programme participation has a major impact on the validity of the results. The severity and duration of the syndrome on the patient could potentially have an impact of any positive results. The research funder being a physiotherapy organisation has may have had an effect on the interpretation of data. The duration of gap between the post surgery and final step in the physiotherapy programme and final assessment may have had an effect on the results. Rehabilitation programmes may not have been adhered to during this period. Why not take periodical assessements every fortnight over the final 6 month period? We also do not know how the drop outs from the programme affect the data use to support the outcome. We can only assume if this data was removed the outcome may have not supported the objective and therefore shown the physiotherapy is not or no more effective than surgery.Alarmingly this scientific research paper references 26 papers published prior to 2000, the oldest being from 1973, while only 5 papers are based between 200 and the time of sack of the paper. This points to either a lack of interest in the particular land or a selective extraction of papers to support the authors objective. unremarkably supporting information referencing in other reports should be relatively up to date and from journals of quality.Ideally a research paper should look to ever-changing your clinical practice. This paper does not provide me with any rational to change nor if it had a credible case would I understand what I should be changing. Since I cannot replicate the treatment modalities used within the study I cannot change practise nor would I recommend another practioner to perform the same.

Teenagers And Cosmetic Surgery

Teenagers And Cosmetic military operationShould Teenagers be Allowed to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery?Cosmetic functioning, known as a medical specialty concerned with the correction or tax return of form and function. ( Wikipedia Dictionary) Perhaps since the beginning of the time, self- remediatement pee been essential to the humankind. So, it is non surprise that the decorative procedure whitethorn be one of the worlds oldest m peculiarity arts. According to the Ameri laughingstock Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), as far indorse as 4000 divisions ago, documented evidence exists of medical treatment for facial injuries.( ASPS, 2012 ) The first plastic surgeon was an Ameri contribute doctor, Dr. John Peter Mettauer. He carried appear his first cleft palate operation in the year 1827 with instruments he handcrafted by himself. (Costhetics, 2009 ) Today, decorative mental process has been increased dramatically in the medical field as everydead body seems to be obsessed wit h the Hollywood fame style image. Teenagers, especially girls, al dashs find the ways to enhance their air for the footing of please someone else. The ASPS reports that on that point have al just about 219,000 augmentative procedures do on people age 13 to 19 in 2009. There ar many reasons that could affect a teenager to try decorative surgical process. The common reasons for nonfunctional operating room among teenagers argon peer pressure sensation, media stereotypes, personify Dysmorphic Dis give and depression. (Pitsilis, 2009)Although nonfunctional cognitive process may improve the federal agency train of teenagers, it should non be allowed callable to negative effects in footing of the physical, psychology and financial aspects. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to point out the broken physical, incomplete psychology and the financial burden of teenagers who seek decorative surgical process.Teenagers should non be allowed to bear nonfunctional m athematical process as many teens body are still growing. The incomplete physical status may give birth the teenagers have to redone the process as their body grew. Many adolescent girls who exigency to carry out the breast augmentation procedure due to breast instability which means the size of one breast is different with otherwise. (ASPS, 2012) In order to fill the best result, the patient should delay the mathematical operation until breast mature. It is because the benefits of surgery would be negate if the surgery carried out on a run around that has not yet full-grown. Besides that, another example of a surgery that is not advisable to do for the two-year-old teens is liposuction. Liposuction is a procedure that shove along out excess fat under the skin. This procedure does not mold sense to do because unripe teens may lose their weigh as they grew. Therefore, teenagers should not change the cosmetic surgery when they are young and the cosmetic surgeon should not touch the body that is not yet full-grown.Although on that point are no clinical tests on the safety and long barrier effects of the cosmetic surgery for young teens, teenagers should not allowed to support cosmetic surgery. It is due to the surgery may cause harm later. Studies by establish manufacturers report that most women have at least one weighty complication within the first 3 years, including infection, hematomas and seromas, capsular contracture, loss of mammilla sensation, and hypertrophic scarring.( Zuckerman, 2005) Therefore, teenagers should not be allowed from doing cosmetic surgery as a unseasonable surgery may cause many hassles to teens in future.Another reason that the teenagers should not be allowed undergo cosmetic surgery is their psychology incomplete. to the highest degree of the teenagers could not make a mature decision as they do not have the realistic expectation about the cosmetic surgery. They suppose the surgery can change their spiritednes s dramatically, such as a change in popularity status.( Odunze, 2011 ) Such unrealistic expectation impart scotch the teens still the result of surgery is acceptable. So, the cosmetic surgery is not a wise choice for teens who do not know the limitation of surgery. Furtherto a greater extent, most of the teens do not have experience about the cosmetic surgery as it is their first time to get the cosmetic surgery. Therefore, they have no idea how pain of the incisions and how long of the rec everywherey time. ( Odunze, 2011)Cosmetic surgery is a dangerous idea for teenagers as their decision always based on impulse. They are going to see the positive but never imply about the negative. (Woinarowicz, 2007) They do not realize the risk of surgery make up they are going to it. Therefore, the cosmetic surgery should not be carried out for teenagers as they do not know the negative. Moreover, teenagers should reconsider if they want to undergo cosmetic surgery. It is because they alw ays neglect the views of society that may be the pressure of them after they got the surgery. They may receive less respect from their peer and even squeezed out by their friends. ( Crump, 2012 )So, the cosmetic surgery should not should not lento access by the young teens.Another reason that the cosmetic surgery should not be an option to teenagers is that they are obsessed with their looks. Most teenagers have some kind of dissatisfaction with their bodies. Then, they may seek cosmetic surgery as they believe that it can solve their problem. The peers as well could affect how the teens view their body. When a friend says a negative comment to a persons body, that person impart believe it and find a way to change it. Doubtless, the cosmetic surgery would be the effective and fast way to solve the dissatisfaction. (Woinarowicz, 2007) However, they do not realize that their body volition grow and change in a couple years. Then, it is not necessary to get the cosmetic surgery as t he factor of surgery had disappeared. So, the teenagers should not be allowed to undergo cosmetic surgery as they would not get the result they wanted if they are aiming perfection.The cost of cosmetic surgery are substantial is the final reason wherefore young teens should not be allowed to undergo the cosmetic surgery. The large excite that results from cosmetic surgery probably could not afford by the young teens since the health insurance rarely privacy this surgery. If a teenager had a struggle paying for the first procedure, then he or she will probably not be able to pay for the procedures that will be needed in the future. ( Woinarowicz, 2007) In other hand, the money should spend for other important cases such as education instead of cosmetic surgery that cost thousands of dollars. The cosmetic surgery is not the only way to improve quality of life. Therefore, the teenagers should not to seek the cosmetic surgery as they are not financially stable.However, there are st ill groups of people who are think that the cosmetic surgery should be allowed for teens. The common argument is that the cosmetic surgery can improve physical characteristics. The intention of teens to get cosmetic surgery probably due to peer pressure. They want to be seen otherwise by their peers or just want to fit in. Cosmetic surgery as a self-esteem lift. They can achieve gain in confidence when they improve their physical characteristics by undergoing a cosmetic surgery. ( Patriot-News, 2009 ) Besides, the cosmetic surgery also can help to reduce depression. According to a study by ASPS, a significant number of patients stopped winning antidepressant medication after getting cosmetic surgery. ( Nauert, 2006 ) It is because the surgery can help patients be to a greater extent happier by taking control over something that has truly some(prenominal)ered them.In actual fact, although the cosmetic surgery may really can improve their physical characteristics, most of the teens are undergoing the surgery with wrong reason. Cosmetic surgery is not a only way to fit into their peers. In contrast, the surgery may lead to further activated scars because the teens will grow and wonders if the surgery was a wise option. Furthermore, the short-term benefits of cosmetic surgery also may decrease over time. It may due to common complications of surgery, weigh gain, or even aging. (Zuckerman and Abraham, 2008 ) The surgery also blockade a lot of risks that the teenagers do not know. Parent have the debt instrument to advise their teens as look are not everything. The young teens should fill to accept theirselves which is valuable, especially when it can prevent the teens to get the cosmetic surgery that cost thousands of dollars.Opponents also argue that the cosmetic surgery is a valid action to teenagers as it is a way to avoid blusterous. Bullying is a new trend in the lives of teenagers. In an attempt to solve this trend, there have non-profit organization such as Little Baby facial gesture Foundation that aims to help the teens who born with facial deformities by providing free surgery. ( Diller, 2012 ) By getting the surgery, the teens obviously benefit from it. It is because the surgery can improve their well-disposed success and also improve their quality of life. Then, the teens could having their life much more happier and easier and get their newfound confidence from it.Although the cosmetic surgery may honorable for certain teens, the bullying still can be tackled via other ways. It is more important to teach the skills that can combat the bullying rather than undergo cosmetic surgery. Parent play an important role in this problem. They should give instruction children admire and embrace difference since they were young so that the trend of bullying can be reduce. Besides that, teens also should be know that the confidence should to come from within as inside important than appearance. ( Discovery Institute, 2011 ) Moreov er, the teens who get the surgery also more likely to being bully. It is because the bullying is a fact and there have no guarantee it will end with surgery. They still have the probability of make fun or mess up by their peers as the reason that being the target of bullying is not based on legitimate reason. So, going under the knife could not really stop the living nightmare of bullying. Therefore, the cosmetic surgery is not a reasonable action for young teens who want to combat bullying.The opponents also argue that the cosmetic surgery could effectively reduce the problems of psychological disarray in particularly Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). Body dysmorphic disorder is a condition that involves obsessions, which are distressing thoughts that repeatedly intrude into a persons awareness.( Lyness, 2010 ) The surgery could correct demerited appearance of young teens so that they would not tincture depression on their look. The study of TeensHealth show that many people with BDD may consider or attempt suicide due to depress on their look. In addition, the obsessions that due to BDD can interfere the life of teens. For instance, the teens might fagged a lot of money and time to make up to cover the problem. The life of teenagers would be transformed after they get the surgery as they could gain confidence from it.However, the cosmetic surgery would not improve the BDD as the condition of obsessive still present. So, the teens who have BDD will not be satisfied with the outcome of surgery even everything looks great. ( Lukash, 2010 ) Then, the patient often will request another surgery but is less likely to thumb satisfied with the result . It is because they are too obsessed with a flaw that they convinced. Consequently, they will have more and more surgery that are not able to help them relief from it. So, the cosmetic surgery could not finish the BDD but can be treated by an mental health professional. The treatment that given by the professional can helps to correct the condition that causing BDD so that the person can fully enjoy their life as the BDD truly interfere them.All in all, the costly and uncollectible cosmetic surgery should not be undergo by teenagers as they are incomplete physical, incomplete psychology, and the large bill of surgery can be the financial burden of them. In addition to that, parent should remove a more serious view on this matter and want over the responsibility of educate their teens since they are young so that the surgeries that done on teens can be decreased.In conclusion, the teenagers should not be allowed to undergo the cosmetic surgery if the teens do not have serious problem that can interfere their daily activities. It is due to the teenagers are too young and cannot made a rational decisions for themselves. Therefore, in order to decrease the cosmetic surgeries that done on young teens, the related department should strengthen the laws as it approve the teens get cosmetic surger y before they are both mature in physical and psychology. Besides, the cosmetic surgeon also should guarantee the patient is fully understand the risks and limitation of surgery so that the cosmetic surgery performed on the patient can be beneficial. All in all, the cosmetic surgery should not be done on teenagers who at young age.(2,136 words)

US Public Attitudes Towards Welfare State | Research Study

US Public Attitudes Towards benefit completelyege Research StudyTim MulliganEmployment and Attitudes toward populate on Welf beWelf atomic f are 18 is one of the United States most prominent political issues. Since the U.S eudaimonia system was established in 1935, its fiscal structure, the source of its funding and the qualifications of its recipients give been unremitting takes of debate. Because of Americas mel unhopefully diverse universe, a plethora of sides habilitate bug out developed regarding the delegacy that pot view well-being recipients, and this may be attributed to some a(prenominal) an(prenominal) divergent factors. I took it upon myself to look much unique(predicate)ally at the relationship mingled with item-by-items who work (or do non work) and citizenry who ar on public assistance. The question that I decided to look for was, does an soulfulnesss employment position influence their attitude towards spate who argon on eudaemo nia? I consider that this is an important question to process because tidy sum tend to normalize that mortals who work retain harshly contradict attitudes toward masses receiving welf be checks because they do non suck in to work for the notes. If this is in fact true, then I guess it would play a enormous role in the outcomes of galore(postnominal) resources as well as how states spring their wellbeing systems.My possibleness is Ha in a comparison of individuals, those who are currently working(a) will come to a greater extent forbid rec overings towards stack who are on upbeat than individuals who are not working. My null hypothesis would be H0 in that respect is no relationship between an individuals employment status and their faces toward lot who are on welfare. I rely my hypothesis to be true because I think it would be very hard to find a someone who works and exerts themselves to receive an income and is in addition tolerant of other individua ls who are receiving money without having to work. Some batch may feel that their work and efforts are belittled because individuals who do not clothe forth the resembling effort great deal still claim an income. there may likewise be individuals who had experienced financial hardship (like some(prenominal) of the people who utilize welfare) but worked their way back into financial constancy without the aid of welfare. These people may exact a much negative if I could do it, then they should be competent to do it attitude towards people on welfare. I think this hypothesis is applicable to individuals in all types of occupations but even more so to individuals in the manual of arms labor work force. People who work lower paying manual labor jobs could have extremely negative views towards people who are welfare because they are physically exerting themselves while welfare recipients may not have to do so themselves.On the other end of my hypothesis, individuals who are n ot employed could have more positive feelings toward people on welfare for several reasons. The most notable reason is that there is probably a higher(prenominal) chance that individuals who are not employed may in fact be receiving welfare aid themselves. I do not believe that individuals who are currently on welfare will have negative feelings towards the very program that they are using. Another factor could be individuals who are not necessarily out of the job but are simply not actively looking to work. For example, housewives, non-working students and young adults may not have the same negative feelings as someone who is employed because they do not have a job or income to compare with those of people who are on welfare. These groups of people may not have the same belittled feeling that employed people may have and they may have more neutral or positive feelings towards people who are on welfare.The data set that I used for my analysis is nes2008. This dataset is from an Amer i female genitals National Election time Series Study which took place in 2008. 4,424 total individuals were interviewed on a face-to-face basis, 2,322 individuals before the presidential election and 2,102 individuals after the presidential election. As can be assumed by the face-to-face polling the unit of analysis for this take apart was individuals. (ANES)The integrity of this data set is strong in the way that the individuals were polled on a wide categorisation of topics such as their voting participation, values, familiarity with the media and their ideologies. This helps to insure that the individuals do not feel as though they are being interviewed for a limited topic or to answer a specific question which could swayed their answers in a less accurate direction. The large number of people who were warningd is also a positive aspect of the data set. Though four thousand people may not perfectly represent the opinions of the entire population of the U.S, the sample sizin g is large enough to generate at least a sufficient prototype. (ANES)On the other hand, the nes2008 data set does have a few negative characteristics. The interviewing of individuals pre-and-post-election may have generated results that inconsistently represent the U.S population because of the effect that the election may have had on some peoples views or answers. Although the two waves of interviewees consisted of different people, the election may have influenced individuals to respond more positively or negatively to certain questions found on the outcome of the election. The population could have been represented far other than before the election than after the election. This may be an effect that the study was essay to induce, but for my explore it does not generate the best representation of the population. Another issue with the nes2008 data set is that there was a knowing oversampling of African-American and Latino responders. This oversampling presents another issue in regards to the studies representation of the general population as it may not include as many answers from other races that could affect my psychometric testing outcomes. Luckily, the data set included a formula that would help to weigh the data in a way that would conk out represent the population. (ANES)The restricted unsettled star that I selected was welfare_therm. This is a continuous versatile that asks for individuals to rate the torridth of their feelings toward people who are on welfare from 0 (coldest) to 100 (warmest). It is implied that hot feelings are more positive than colder feelings. This was a good variable for me to use because the question that I am trying to answer pertains to individuals feelings toward people who are on welfare. I believe rating their feelings in degrees rather than categories like negative, close to negative, neutral and so on allows for individuals to be more specific when describing their feelings towards people on welfare. Alth ough, I do believe that the wide direct of the thermometer may bring about a less definitive translation of what is considered a mildly positive or mildly negative feeling toward people who are on welfare. A graph depicting welfare_therm can be seen in figure 1.My main independent variable was employ_status, which had individuals break themselves within employment status categories. These categories were working now, temporarily laid off, unemployed, retired, for good disabled, homemaker, and student. At first, this variable did not present the most valid measuring rod of employment status that I would privation for my research. To generate a bankrupt representation of the feelings generated by individuals who were working or not working, I had to reform the number of categories in the variable. I recoded the variable so that an individuals response would either register as A. working or B. not working. This new variable was called working and would serve as a better variab le for measuring a relationship with my dependent variable, feelings toward people on welfare. A graph depicting working can be seen in figure 2.The first of my withstand variables was gender. This variable categorized individual responsives as either male or female. It is important to note that because of the way that this variable was coded in Stata (1=male, 2=female), I needed to recode it so that it would be more easily measured by my tests. I recoded the variable as 0=male and 1=female and I named the new variable female. I included this control variable because I believed that an individuals gender would have a large impact on the feelings that they had towards people who are on welfare. Stereotypically women are assumed to be more horny and sympathetic towards individuals who may be in need and I suasion that this dexterity have an effect on their attitude towards a person who is on welfare.The second control variable that I included in my test was hh_kids, which is a ca tegorical measure of the number of kids in the respondents menage. 0=no kids 1=one kid and 2=two or more kids in the household. I believe that this variable would have served my research better if the categories represented the dynamic of households with few kids and households with many kids better. Perhaps categories such as 0 kids, 1-3 kids and 3 or more kids would have been better because I do not think that 2 kids represents a household with many kids, which was the dynamic I was aiming to measure. I do believe that this variable is sufficient, though. I believe that the number of kids that an individual has in their household effects their feelings toward people on welfare because individuals with many children may know what its like to be on a roiled budget or to have to provide for children. People with many kids in their home could be sympathetic towards people on welfare because they might be under the impression that the people who are on welfare need it to support thei r children.Income_r was my third control variable. This variable reports the income of the respondent within twenty five categories that regularize from none or less than $2,999 to $150,000 and over. Unfortunately, the categories are not equally sized. For example, there is a crime syndicate designate $15,000-16,999 and its subsequent category is labeled $17,000-$19,999. The former category has a range of $1,999 dollars and the latter a range of $2,999 and this difference in category size occurs throughout the variable. This may be a indistinct point of this control variable. None the less, I included this control variable because I believe that the lower an individuals income, the more understanding or warm their feelings may be for people who are on welfare. In opposition people with high incomes who may work very hard for their money may have colder feelings for people on welfare and who may be out of work.The final control variable that I included in my tests was relig_atte ndHi. This variable categorizes an individuals level of unearthly attendance as either low or high. This variable may be weak because of the fact that there is no knowing exactly what amount of attendance fits the description of high or low attendance. One respondents idea of high attendance could be once a week, where as another respondent could consider once every few months to be high attendance. there is also no telling where the dividing tenor between high and low may be. That being said, I believe that religious attendance has a significant impact on an individuals feelings towards people on welfare because many religions are proponents of acts of charity or helping those who are in need. Individuals who are religious may be more addicted to see welfare as a means of helping those who need financial help rather than an unfair handout.I used a multiple regression test to interpret the relationship between an individuals employment status and their feelings toward people who are on welfare. I used this test because a multiple regression test is take into account for my dependent variable which is continuous. It was also essential that I used a multiple regression test so that I would be able to control for my Z (control) variables when determining the relationship between employment status and feelings toward people who are on welfare.After running my multiple-regression test on the responses of 1,922 individuals, I found that an individuals employment status does function when it comes to their feelings toward people who are on welfare. The employment status of an individual is statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval and my test showed that an individual that is working is likely to have feelings that are 2.49 degrees colder than an individual that is not working regarding people who are on welfare. (coefficient estimate) This provides me with enough evidence to state that there is support for my hypothesis that working individuals have more negative feelings toward individuals on welfare than people who are not working. These results can be seen in figure 3.Gender, income, and religious attendance also tested to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. These outcomes confirm my original predictions for these variables. Women are likely to have feelings that are 2.46 degrees warmer than males. This could in fact express that women are more sensitive and tolerant of people who are in need and may be using welfare for survival. Also, the higher category of income that an individual is in the colder their feelings get towards individuals who are on welfare. This is in line with my prediction that richer people may not be fond of people getting money from the government for no work, and poorer people being more understanding of people on welfares need for an income. People with higher religious attendance also show to have 3.56 degrees warmer feelings toward people who are on welfare than peop le with low religious attendance. Religious attendance appeared to be the control variable that was the most declarative of an individuals feelings toward people who are on welfare. This also gave severeness to my prior thought that people with higher religious attendance may be more open minded to acts of charity and aiding those in need.The number of kids in an individuals household did not turn out to be statistically significant. This disappointed me because I thought that people with more kids would have significantly different feelings toward people who are on welfare than people with few or no kids in their household. I believe that this may be because most people who have children have aforethought(ip) for their kids financially and may not have as high of a tolerance for people on welfare that may not have planned for the children they are supporting.The R-squared value for my multiple regression test was solitary(prenominal) 0.0602. This means that the independent and control variables that I included in my test only accounted for six percent of the total variance in my dependent variable, feelings toward individuals on welfare. I thought that the control variables that I selected would have yielded higher variance accountability. It turns out that employment status, gender, income, number of kids in a household and religious attendance are only a few of the many factors that can influence an individuals feelings toward welfare recipients.In conclusion, I discovered that employment status is statistically significant when determining a persons feelings towards people who are on welfare. I can reject my null hypothesis which is that there is not relationship between an individuals employment status and their feelings toward people on welfare. In relation to the real world, one could say that people who work are more likely to view people who are on welfare more negatively. This could be a product of many things including an individuals views on wo rk ethic, morals, fairness, equality and much more. It would be interesting to research what exactly causes a working person to view welfare recipients more negatively. Although I have found support for my hypothesis, there are many more control variables that I could include in future research of this question. I believe that political ideology would influence the way a person feels about people on welfare because liberals and conservatives have specific views and welfare policies and who should be recipients. The state in which an individual lives in could also be a good control variable to include because although all states are a part of the federal welfare system, different states have different internal welfare systems that could spark different opinions. I also think it would be important to divide the term welfare into its different categories such as unemployment, healthcare, childcare etc. because I think that people tend to make the generalization that welfare means unemp loyment checks.Tables/FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Works CitedANES Data center(a) Study Pages ANES 2008 Time Series Study. ANES Data Center Study Pages ANES 2008 Time Series Study. Accessed May 6, 2015.

Jarroc as a Betrayer Essay example -- Star Trek Defecting Essays Paper

Jarroc as a Betrayer Defection is a word which Americans have been taught to fear,from the days of Joseph McCarthy to Moscow on the Hudson. In our embodiedconsciousness, we viewed defectors as both fascinating and repellent. Defectorsfrom outside theconvivial allied field of force of North America and Western Europe--persons fromthose Communist places, especially--served a useful persona because ofwhat inside knowledge they held, and at the same time frightened usbecause they carried the taint of the traitor, and the strange, coldforeignness of the other side. The other side, if non monitoredclosely, was coming to bomb us all, and break the world as we knew it. Defectors from the unite States, on the other hand, had noredeeming qualities. They were those who had sold their own souls,traitors agreeing to spill the beans the closely guarded secrets which would keepus safe from the Enemy to the enemies themselves By the nature of theact, defection was inexorably inte rtwined with national betrayal.(I use the terms lowlife and traitor interchangeably, since they aresynonymous in meaning. A traitor is maven who has betrayed.) Americandefectors were the worst possible kinds of criminals, and worthyrecipients of the death penalty. unless then, as now and in all times, there are a innumerable of contextsin which any given situation can be considered and defection, same mostthings, is a crime to some and an honorable act of sense of right and wrong toothers.Who is the ultimate judge of such actions? What determines whichcontext the acts truly fall in? During the Cold War, when a Sovietdefected, it was viewed very differently by officials in his own countrythan it was here. In the U.S.S.R, he... ... itfor nothing, he whispers bitterly. My home, my family....all fornothing. (12/30/89) Jarroc commits suicide alternatively than live with thepain of this stigma. Is Jarroc then a hero, or a defector-betrayer? He must necessarilybe bo th. There is no sidestepping the role in which Romulan history willpigeonhole him, and no denying the reasons they have to do so. Yet amongthose persons in the Federation who knew his true reasons for divulgingthe information, he was a man of bully courage. As Jarroc himself noted,One worlds butcher is another worlds hero. The same thing could in like mannerbe said of the defector. Works Cited Smith, Greg. Interchange on The Defector. Interchange. 30 January1996.Rogets II The New Thesaurus. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1988..The Defector. Star Trek The Next Generation. Season 3, outcome58.

Obesity in America :: Overweight Obese essays

Obesity at once is a widely spread nutritional disorder that bottomland m deal anybody at any age across North America, majority of the flat coat being because there are so legion(predicate) fast victuals restaurants at just about every corner. With its low prices people are not going to be making the right decisions in what flake of food they consume in their diet. Some examples of the junk food would be Microwave dinners, snack foods like potato chips, which have high calories. It is not necessarily junk foods that make people obese and fat. Too many carbohydrates and foods with lots of starch in an individuals diet backside also cause them to gain undesired weight. It is not always somebodys dietary decision that makes him or her obese. Genetics play a monu mental factor in a persons weight. For example, if a child is born with two obese parents there is an 80 percentage of a chance that the child can be born or become obese later in his or her life. Pregnancy can make th e mother gain about 20 pounds after large-minded birth. Another said cause of weight gain is when the energy inhalant is more then the energy outtake in the body. That is not always the case. tally to recent reports, more than six in 10 adults are grueling or obese, and the number of everyplaceweight children is on the rise. Is a quote interpreted from the McDonalds website.Some other problems for obesity can also be a result as problems such as Laziness- Inactivity resulting from a scorn of physical activity. Psychological depression- Sad tintings of gloom and inadequacy, causing them to sometimes over eat even they are not hungry Genetically- As say above. When it is passed down a family line, making it almost inevitable for children to born obese.If you were to ask someone how it feels to be obese, the given reply would probably be that they feel unattractive, and have low self-esteem, which can cause an indirect mental illness. This mental illness in some cases may lead to the person get so down and depressed that they may make an attempt and sometimes be successful in committing suicide. Being obese puts the person at risk of developing sicknesses and diseases like, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes (type 2), and some forms of pubic louse (prostate, breast and bowel.)There is something similar but opposite to obesity.

My Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Educational Learning Essay

My Philosophy of Education Education today is genuinely different than that of twenty years ago. I think that todays educators have more interest in test scores and the emergence of standardized testing, than the level of content that a child is schooling and the successfulness of the teaching and learning process. I want to meet both of the aspects. I want my students to have high test scores and do good for our school, yet at the same time have fun learning. I want to make a child excited about learning and thrilled about coming to school to learn. I think that tear down children with learning disabilities should feel overjoyed about being in school, as opposed to dreading it every day. Seeing a child learn lights up my life. I like to see a child pick up a book to read instead of pick a removed(p) control to a video game. I strive to make a difference in childrens lives. My ideal classroom would be that of a first grade level. therefore it would have to have learning assistants much(prenominal) as letter pronunciation flash cards and numbers from bingle to at least 30. I would have the childrens desks all face up forward, towards the chalkboard, but in a U shape instead of columns. I think that this would help me to be able to keep my eyes on all students and I would be able to maintain eye cope with with the students. This would also help me to know when a child is struggling with something. There would be bulletin boards on either side of the chalkboard that would stockpile important material such as a calendar, numbers, classroom and school-wide rules, among another(prenominal) things. The back of the classroom would also have bulletin boards. These would contain the childrens projects. I think that its important to display the students projects so as to praise them for their work and to show how they have improved over the year. I believe that I leave have a non-authoritarian classroom, but it will have order. At the beginning of the year I will intercommunicate the students to tell me what they think the classroom rules should be and I will compromise with them.

The Virtual Umwelt :: Internet Communication Essays

The Virtual UmweltIn my last reflexive paper title Semiotics in meshwork (April, 1995), I referred to the following statement from Philip Elmer-DeWitts term Welcome to Cyberspace What is it? Where is it? And how to get there?Stripped of the external caparison of wealth, power, beauty and social status, people tend to be judged in the Cyberspace of the Internet only by their ideas and their ability to get them across in terse, vigorous prose. This statement was used to prove a point in that context. The point was that Cyberspace is a place for the disco genuinely and exploration of semiosis. I found Elmer-DeWitts comment to be an excellent example of the kinds of issues that semioticians could argue al nearly when analyzing the semiosis of the Internet.In his statement, Elmer-DeWitt depicts Cyberspace as what appears to be a world without umwelts. He implies that the only reference we have from others in Cyberspace is their writing and subject abilities (as if those by themselve s were non signs leading to a million interpretations). I very much disagree with Elmer-DeWitts argument. Semiosis in Cyberspace is a lot to a greater extent complex than just the act of signification from writing styles and well elect words.Most of us would agree that when communicating through the Internet we wholly must realize that we do so with other human beings, not with machines. Those machines might be considered to be one of the components of our umwelt in the context of that experience. The technological devices we need to interact with are bear essentials of Cyberspace and they establish the firstborn element of characterization we use to impersonate other human beings. We populate that our correspondents must have access to the technology and should have a certain amount of skills in order to get to Cyberspace. By simply do this assumption (which in most cases is true) we are issuing a erect of new set of labels and re-localizing our correspondents in a specific spot inside our umwelts. We might very easily connect characteristics like the access to super technological devices with a relatively high socio-economical status or with a certain level of academic achievement.I also believe that most of us conduct very dynamic communications through the net. We do not just read messages. Instead, we try to find out to a greater extent from the person who wrote it. We start by looking at things like their email addresses.

The Evolution of Electronic Court Coverage Essay -- Trial Justice Expo

The Evolution of Electronic tourist court report sequenceA trial is a hu creation race event. What transpires in the court means is public property...There is no special perquisite of the judiciary which enables it, as high-minded from separate institutions of democratic government, to sup struggle, edit, or censor events which transpire in legal proceeding earlier it. arbiter William O. Douglas, 19471Picture taking in the courtroom is more than disconcerting. It does non comport with the traditional notions of a fair trial. A man on trial for his life or liberty needs security department from the mob. Mobs atomic number 18 not interested in the administration of justice. They have buttocks appetites to satisfy. J ustice William O. Douglas, 19602 These seemingly contradictory words from one of the most lovesome offset Amendment absolutists to ever serve on the United States Supreme Court carry as a testament to the central conflict which has for so coherent characterized the debate over press coverage in the democracys courtrooms. In the battle for preeminence, which Amendment wins the First or the Sixth? Does the license of the press and the publics right for information outweigh the complete underwrite of a fair trial through due transit? And in an era of mass communication, where the capabilities of technology are matched only by the pervasiveness of the heart and soul it delivers, how and where is the line ultimately drawn? Especially in the age of O.J. Simpson and Scott Peterson, of Michael... ...o the find of both additional court cases, Sheppard v. Maxwell 384 US 333 (1966) and Florida v. Zamora 422 So. 2d 325 (1982), as well the two major America n quantity acquaintance regulations relating to subject, Canons 35 and 3A(7). Information regarding current federal and state-by-state courtroom standards were found at the Radio-Television intelligence information Directors tie-in website (www.rtnda.org), the Indiana State Court website (www.in.gov/judiciary), and an archived statement do in 2000 by Third Circuit Court Justice Edward R. Becker to the Senate mission on the Judiciary (judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/962000_erb.htm).Also helpful were the American Bar Association website (www.abanet.org) and two sources for quotations from former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas Craig v. Harney 331 U.S. 367 (1947) and 46 American Bar Association Journal 840 (1960). The Evolution of Electronic Court Coverage turn up -- Trial Justice ExpoThe Evolution of Electronic Court CoverageA trial is a public event. What transpires in the court room is public property...There is no special perquisite of the judiciary w hich enables it, as distinguished from other institutions of democratic government, to suppress, edit, or censor events which transpire in proceedings before it. Justice William O. Douglas, 19471Picture taking in the courtroom is more than disconcerting. It does not comport with the traditional notions of a fair trial. A man on trial for his life or liberty needs protection from the mob. Mobs are not interested in the administration of justice. They have base appetites to satisfy. Justice William O. Douglas, 19602 These seemingly contradictory words from one of the most ardent First Amendment absolutists to ever serve on the United States Supreme Court stand as a testament to the central conflict which has for so lo ng characterized the debate over press coverage in the nations courtrooms. In the battle for preeminence, which Amendment wins the First or the Sixth? Does the freedom of the press and the publics right for information outweigh the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial through due process? And in an era of mass communication, where the capabilities of technology are matched only by the pervasiveness of the message it delivers, how and where is the line ultimately drawn? Especially in the age of O.J. Simpson and Scott Peterson, of Michael... ...o the discovery of two additional court cases, Sheppard v. Maxwell 384 US 333 (1966) and Florida v. Zamora 422 So. 2d 325 (1982), as well the two major American Bar Association regulations relating to subject, Canons 35 and 3A(7). Information regarding current federal and state-by-state courtroom standards were found at the Radio-Television News Directors Association website (www.rtnda.org), the Indiana State Court website ( www.in.gov/judiciary), and an archived statement made in 2000 by Third Circuit Court Justice Edward R. Becker to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary (judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/962000_erb.htm).Also helpful were the American Bar Association website (www.abanet.org) and two sources for quotations from former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas Craig v. Harney 331 U.S. 367 (1947) and 46 American Bar Association Journal 840 (1960).

Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Essay -- Christina Rossetti Goblin

Christina Rossettis elf MarketOne of the strongest emotions inherent in us as hu small-arms is desire. The majority of the time, we are unable to simplicity what we crave however, with practice, we learn not all things we want are necessary. As a result of this mature understanding, we are able to ease our feelings and sometimes even suppress our desires. Something even more mature is understanding that when we hurl in to our desires, we become vulnerable. In a virulent, brutal world, vulnerability impart not work to our advantage. In Christina Rossettis Goblin Market, she writes about a sister who succumbs to her desire and pays dearly for it while the other sister resists her desires and receives the crowning(prenominal) reward of her sisters life. By creating such a prominent tale, Rossetti stresses the importance of universe in touch with ones desires and being able to prevail over their strong hold because in the harsh world we live in, we cannot afford to let our desire get the surpass of us. Of the two sisters Lizzie and Laura, Laura is the one whose curious desires get the best of her. She and her sister flirt the goblin men and Lizzie just thrust a dimpled finger / In each ear, shut her eyes and ran (67 68) however, Lauras curiosity gets the best of her and she chooses to rest Curious Laura chose to linger / Wondering at each merchant man (69 70). These goblin men are selling fruit, and once Laura gets her hands on it, she is hardly able to stop herself. Quenching her desire is overwhelming for her, so much so that when she is finally done she knew not was it night or day (139). When she arrives home later, she tells her sister, I ate and ate my fill, / Yet my speak waters still / Tomorrow night I ... ... mens fruit. Because of this, she suffers premature aging. Rossetti is conveying the importance of being aware of the possible luck that waits in the outside world, and falsifyling ones desires in cast to keep onesel f from being vulnerable. If one gives in to their desires and makes oneself vulnerable, one will in the end suffer. Lizzie does not succumb and does not do what the goblin men want her to do. As a result of this refusal, she has the power to bring her sister back off to normal and take away her premature aging. Christina Rossetti is conveying the importance of maintaining control over ones self if one keeps oneself from becoming vulnerable, resists desires, and chooses the regenerate path, one will remain safe and be rewarded handsomely.Works Cited Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Illustrated by Laurence Housman. 1893. New York Dover, 1983.