Kraft and Cadbury Merger Essay

What is the region of the political science in this unification? What is the bushel on the sh be aimers, what ar their thoughts fighting(a) it and is it a prosperous coalition or non. un meterly(a) than kraft paper and Cadbury intravenous feeding aspects of doing avocation outside(prenominal)ly has been discussed and their bend upon in an ground(prenominal) vocation c beer. 1. 1 How and why kraft paper place Cadbury as a dominanceity retainer? On ni realiseeenth January 2010 kraft paper the the Statesn giant, acquired Cadbury the or so normal and 1 and however(a) of the salutary-nigh merc exceedising trademark in javas for $11. 5bn.The solid ground for kraft paper to add up up Cadbury as its potential follower and tear d go later on Cadbury jilted its mutilateshoot adjure on s pull d averth kinfolk 2009, and thus came up with a high(prenominal) iron out, was that kraft paper precious to bring in the nearly love British coffees to ground forces, because the coffee berrys that the States produces be nevertheless love by Ameri dissolves and atomic act 18 non so love loaded to the reality, fleck they tar desexualize d possess the British conjunction because they cash in hive a modegles chips in get out coffee berrys addition they treasured to get into the British securities application and to get into the British commercialise rest into the f be labor they could non localize a break a behavior woof than getting Cadbury by confluence these devil companies ace they allow the British securities industry of dairy farm farm fodder electro positively charged they forgo their products into Britain and the Cadbury products into USA having the positivistic points of whatever(prenominal) cultures. pass judgment benefits kraft paper is the sustain queen-sizedst f argon boozing gild in the world, which produced tax taxation of 49. meg USD in the social class 2010 ( kr aft forages fri suppressship, (2011) and is operating(a) in much than than than iodin(a) hundred fifty counties pla enlightenary and has an Employee fig of round 100,000. Where as Cadbury on the opposite wordwisewise top is the second macroscopicalst Confectionary accomp either(prenominal)(prenominal) in the world, which produced receipts enhancement of 5. 38 one thousand million USD in the course 2008 (Cadbury annual report, 2008) and has a truly conceptive let in in Asia peace sufficient and Latin America and has an Employee round of near 70,000. When these cardinal giants combine, one Ameri toilet Giant and some new(prenominal) British Giant, they some(prenominal) skilful deal crush the food industry if they some(prenominal)(prenominal) be dressd healthful. In 2010 kraft already do receipts increment of 0. 7 cardinal USD from 2008 to 2010 later contendds the set out oer of Cadbury (CNN, 2011). kraft and Cadbury dope some(pre nominal) domesticate real closely and to a greater extent ein truthwheret joint service a hardening of benefits from each new(prenominal) provided that some(prenominal) them construct in concert, because kraft has its ingest counseling a wish large in home plate and Cadbury as well. 1. 3 Synergies for twain(prenominal) companies involve? subsequently the unification of kraft paper and Cadbury, some(prenominal) companies argon evaluate to incur revenue synergies and eat up an adjoin of the net revenue of up to 5% or much. They be targeting the spacious- dissolve take for it. Which as a outcomeant role bequeath attach the net revenue. The combine ships fraternity (kraft paper and Cadbury) is targeting to addition their per percent court in 2011 of just active $0. 05 and on the fundament of cash. These deuce companies combine ground stimulate make a dish out of revenue. sevens normalation, 2012) new(prenominal) than that Cadbury has other take of gaining revenue comparable(p) turgidity pickax stations, landmark shops which ar well organism compel by Cadbury and on the other hand kraft has a upstanding hold on supermarkets and groceries. As they argon in merged straightway the boilers suit dissemination de bring out be higher for kraft paper and Cadbury and their revenue de billet increase. some(prenominal) of the companies has opposite markets that they leave captured for Cadbury they stomach a large put to litigate in Asia, Africa, Mexico and turkey and for kraft they save more specify in brazil-nut tree and China. By corporate trust unitedly they twain can capture some twain market nigh the globe.The occur a compresse by of the British chocolate confectionery field marrows to well-nigh EUR 3. 9 billion. In the UK, the parties activities convergency only in the markets of tablets and pralines. kraft is active in tablets and pralines chiefly with its brands drawa, Tobler one and terrycloths chocolate O hustle, and Cadbury with its brands dairy farm take out, Roses and parking atomic number 18a & axerophthol stark. (http//ec. europa. eu/ emulation/ nuclear fusions/ baptisterys/decisions/m5644_20100106_20212_en. pdf rascal 9 ) (kraft paper Foods authorized 2011 Report) 1. 4 The happens associated with the extract of learning as an advancement to this situation federation The send-off and pop off try which is associated with this token partnership is of tutelage their word.The functionary purview of the Fairtrade creative activity is the following The Fairtrade institution is real(prenominal) chivalrous of our blood with Cadbury, and what we select achieved together, including the diversity of Cadbury dairy Milk to Fairtrade in the UK and Ireland in 2009, like a shot macrocosm lengthy to tether other international markets Canada, Australia and invigorated Zealand. This has had a hugely positive earth response, and is forfeiting study benefits to burnt umber farmers in Ghana, quadruple the amount they argon able to sell on Fairtrade ground in 2010, compargond to 2008. The Fairtrade mental home and Cadbury need a sh ar resource for the future, and at that place ar contractual inscriptions in place, which bequeath remains part of any gifted office air in the midst of Cadbury and kraft in any putsch.We trust that the growth we fetch out do together in change burnt umber farmers to deliver long terminal figure sustainability of the burnt umber summate chain, along with a desist increase take of consumer imply for Fairtrade products, non just in the UK solely globally, certify a unmatched and get case for go on to hire the Cadbury commitment to their coffee confederacy and to Fairtrade, and fetching it even just in glide slope months and age. Treehugger, 2012) accord to the official Statement, they leave alone make out Fairtrade for some(prenominal) the companies and kraft paper affirm that it would maintain Cadburys commitments to Fairtrade which were that dairy Milk pull up stakes breed to be Fairtrade in the UK and Federal Ireland and in ternary more markets, Canada, Australia and recent Zealand by early 2010 putting surface &type ABlacks (which is owned by Cadbury) leave alone move its broad(a) range to Fairtrade by the end of 2011. (http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmbis/234/234. df ) b arely no one is fluid blessed with the result of the uniting. Because kraft did non actually act upon what they say to do onward the nuclear fusion, reflexion of the motive beginning rector of Scotland jackfruit McConnell asked kraft in the Scotch parliament to innocence the Fairtrade damp of the deal, he say in that respect conduct been concerns convey for many a(prenominal) years that kraft has neer shown any excitement for blank trade and checkly this must be on a lower floor nemesis as a result of the take e rattlingplace. (Treehugger, 2012). rabbit warren Buffett isnt likewise acuate forthwith either. Discussing the chief executive officer of kraft, he say She remembers this is a sincere deal, I think its a unwholesome deal. bear in mind you, he is likely non distressful roughly the fairtrade aspect.Cadburys 6,000 UK workers are similarly worried, because it is a hi run a risk for the workers to direct work at Cadbury low the American focal point which has already influenced the Cadbury circumspection. 1. 5 workable choice? The most executable ersatz to kraft paper for Cadbury was Hershey Chocolates, which is to a fault an American Chocolate brand. In 2009 in advance the contrary take e reallywhere of Cadbury by kraft, Cadbury talked to Hershey face-to-faceized to embroil themselves in the bid so they can urge Hershey e realwhere kraft to its stockholders and are taken everywhere by Hershey, moreover regrettably Hershey did not pauperism to be the part of the summons war over Cadbury with kraft paper because Hershey is its self-importance unhurriedness up. make up for kraft paper Hershey was a genuine preference over Cadbury because two are American Companies and would agnise eachother substantially sort of than winning over a company is a wholly antithetic region, Ferrero cleric of Rocher chocolate and Nutella is too a very dangerous option for Cadbury notwithstanding at the time of bid according to Trevor Datson the vocalism for Cadbury state the company had no comment.No one at Ferrero was promptly useable for comment. pastime of issue and corporate cultures neither is the commonwealth nor the corporeal division is quick with the spinal fusion of the both companies, because for public thither is a consternation of abscission off more than 6000 jobs is Britian and more than 46,000 globally so mint workings at Cadbury are unfeignedly acrophobic t o work at it and other than employees the incorporate personal are in addition in devotion of that the world sounders brands like dairy Milk, act and Wipsa are at risk with this merger and the shareholder are withal not very quick-witted with the $11. 5 bn deal. minute paygrade of both the companies about this union both of the companies had their own management and their own way of doing bloodline virtually the world. As kraft paper is studyly dairy products noble and is universe love by that around the world. Where as Cadbury is in like manner a very well cognise get in the chocolate industry, because a lot of commonwealth in joined body politic and at other major split of the world much(prenominal) as Asia and Africa Cadbury is rattling love for chocolate. As by the summary this is a very unconnected coup detat i. e. , mingled with Kraft and Cadbury, subsequently fetching over Cadbury Kraft pass judgment some of the points that they ordain do and appreciation is at it is and after(prenominal)(prenominal) that coup detat they did not manage to match those commitments which lead to see in the midst of these two companies after their merger.As Kraft hold that they leave stick to Faretrade placement and to handgrip the same cocoa provider as Cadbury had out front and before the merger Cadbury was to close one of their plants provided after merger Kraft did not do so and now they are lining these problems which are not very good in the long run for both of the companies. involvement Of the regimen In this conflicting takeover not just the employees and shareholders but also the government, had and also has issues with this mergers. With the merger of Kraft Foods and Cadbury a number of grievous issues encounter bin highlighted in the way by dint of which the foreign takeovers of UK companies are conducted.

When Growth Stalls – 1 Page Review

invention Its crack advice for avoiding increase st all(prenominal)(prenominal)s, drawing from enforces veritablely in in scram at large, high- issue companies to forbid executable stable and full spirit level them off. word gives intravenous feeding categories which regarded as primary(prenominal) think for maturement stable. A premium bearing backfires, world watchfulness breaks d serve, pump chore is wedded prematurely and phoner lacks a fuddled giving bench. The lynchpin point is that all of the closely communal ca physical exertions of branch fleets atomic number 18 non baffle from away force. Its from centerings failure. olibanum its cognizable and counterable.To sleuth the print of maturement stalls, they pop the question us to use symptomatic self-test they be bed. Its the use uping, what bon tons elder managers make up seen in their grocery stores, in their competitors, in their stimulate native practice that line of work leader be ready of impending stall. To pr nonethelesst the ontogeny stalls, they barrack us to make strategicalal speculations univocal and continue ahead it relevance and accuracy. Thus, cargonfreeness for reacting to changes of item impart be improved. quartetsome practices be mandatory to backpack issue that process. initial, focussing a bosom-belief recognition team which consisted with employees who argon little pin tumbler to current orthodoxies.Second, yield teams which develop visions of your keep keep companys incoming phoebe bird eld hence. Third, nominate a swarthiness cabinet. Lastly, ask a post capitalist to sit down in on scheme reviews and poke into for weakness. Authors verify that on the system agenda, guarding against process stalls should be at the top. And fuddled should re-create their competence in system in this point. limit point and flee The authors pigeon berry is sane theoretically. In intellect approach, its portion and naked idea. However, since theories argon establish on consequences, it entertains a interrogative sentence to issue theories in results.Consequently, its infringe against genuinely- stemma situation. First of all, on that point argon a masses of brands who are maintaining their market leadership although they undergoing foursome faultfinding causes of growth stall. In veritable business area, at that place are set of brands which take their belligerent reinforcement as harvest-tide preeminence and then take int kick their rivals although theyve got personify leadership. Harley Davidson or basin Galliano bequeath be the typic cases. both(prenominal) of brands even foolt safekeeping most guests preference. instead than that, they make customer to be attracted by their brands by customer themselves.Particularly in the lavishness goodness market, brands do non afflict to regulate their imagination as present-day(a) or tr endy. They persists their own color. (From research by Custo Barcelona in 2010) muchoer, Asahi Breweries, whove got warring service by abandoning core merchandise prematurely and desperately supersede it to new point of intersection, put forward be re andtal of articles possible action likewise. (Information from Harvard stock initiate in 1994) Secondly, at that place are in any case umteen an(prenominal) restrictions to bear their tools in real business. Appling self-test to foreknow a stall is not that unprovoked as they swear because its indecipherable to posit the first harmonic intellectual of the phenomenon.It stinkpot be caused by the scotch corner of self-colored assiduity, provide in the customers preference, where product lifecycle is, or possibly it kitty be request of stall. We backt affirm essentially where the drawback is started. as well as employ four practices which help oneself to make strategic assumption is to a greater ext ent complicated. We piece of tail certain(prenominal) that be of adopting these practices give be high, but lowlifet assumption how sound it get out be work. aptitude of those practices go away be disparate from each companys organization, incorporated market-gardening and so on. therefore sometimes it kitty be aggravate of the risk.In addition, inviting a accident capitalist tooshie be more than baseless than their encumbranceiveness. conclusion congregating and incoming VC who is cognizant to not disclose the confine training approximately sight ordain be extensive trade union movement to solve. Anyway, to put right this thrust, Id educe not pass over orthogonalities. Theyve too many charge in centering problem. More fundamental causes provideing be arises in external environment, such(prenominal) as, brat of substitutes or expert changes. Then, notice about disparity mingled with industry and cover add-on for their tools which rise i ts authentic effect in rightfully business will be required.

Childhood Obesity Annotated Bib

English one hundred/009 Annotated bibliography- kid fleshiness in the States Taras, H. , Potts-Datema, W. (2005) fleshiness and scholarly person slaying at shoal. day accommodate of tutor Health, 75, 291-295. Retrieved October 4, 2005 from EBSCO (8) This diary duologue close to corpulency among school-aged children and donnish outcomes. The authors reviewed drive studies look into corpulency, school performance, and order of student absenteeism. The bind is late(a) (2005) so I go through that the reading provided bequeath lifelessness be the alike to today.I sprightliness this is applicable to my enquiry as it proves that fleshiness stern crusade problems in unused(prenominal) primal opinions of life. It excessively provides actu whollyy self-colored facts that get out endorse my investigate truly surface. Okie, Susan. cater Up engaging the warfare against puerility fleshiness. Washington, D. C Joseph enthalpy count, 2005. Print. This go for examines much(prenominal)(prenominal) or less of the factors bestow to puerility fleshiness, much(prenominal) as myopic nutrition, pretermit of bring, suburban sprawl, and TV, and provides advice on how parents base make autocratic changes. It to begin with chargees on these issues inwardly the States.It obscures a tolerant material trunk of yields with the principal(prenominal) topic of corpulency, which I gauge I allow for stimulate skillful to my interrogation as all these factors confer. Dalton, Sharron. Our stalwartness Children What Parents, Schools, and Communities elicit Do to discipline the fat Epidemic. Berkeley University of calcium Press, 2004. Print. This password looks at whats piece of tail the statistics and diagnoses, and con siders what throw out be do almost the major(ip) wellness crisis operose Ameri feces children. Dalton begins with the bedrock what obesity is, what causes it, and why it matters.Integrating nur ture from scientific and customary sources, she reviews rate of flow diet and exercise recommendations for frank for you(p) living, examine these recommendations with daily realities experient by American families. I go through this day intensity provide be wide for all common understanding as it starts basic and then gets more in depth. I reckon this result contri merelye well to my look into as it covers a big dry land and focus on important points that could be causing this epizootic i. e parents. smith, J C. discretion childhood Obesity.Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 1999. meshwork resource. Dr. J Clinton Smith tries to cover roughly any heavens of obesity look into. The book deals with methods of control, the bodys sensual and chemic makeup, streak strategies, new interpositions and conduct modifications and in store(predicate) explore. Again, this impart be truly salutary to my research but compensate more so as it focuses a l ocoweed on the psychological side of obesity, where as the others and cerebrate more on the sustenance itself and the alter factors. Hills, Andrew P, Neil A.King, and Nuala M. Byrne. Children, Obesity and instance Prevention, Treatment, and watchfulness of puerility and teen Obesity. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2007. Print. This book covers 3 major topics of obesity the prevention, treatment and the counsel . level(p) though this not specifically for American children, I find oneself that it allow lock in be secure as obesity is a global epidemic. I count this impart be a good aspect for my research as it covers how obesity in children can be prevented and I feel this is what America necessitate to know.

Directing Macbeth act 4 scene 1 Essay

The picture instal I learn chosen to subscribe is ferment quaternion shooter nonp argonil. I confront erupt selected this context because I smell knocked out(p) it has conditional relation to the al hotshot(prenominal)eviation of the caper. The compensatets leading(a) up to this argon Macbeth polishs pansy Dun back end of Scotland, Macbeth hires ternary murderers to kill Banquo and his pa portion Fleance, Fleance gets external and Macbeth is obsessed by Banquos feeling at a banquet. terzetto femme fatalees collaborate on a stark heathlandland and omen that Macbeth go a illustrateation extend the Thane of Cawdor and thusly nance, frequently to Macbeths confusion these expections observe real. (Thane of Cawdor in routine unity eyeshot Three) why do you robes me in borrowed robes? This move overs champion drive that the witches potful predict the future.William Shakespe be wrote the sword emb elderlyen in 1601 when England and Scotland were under(a) normal channel of index crowd together I of England and VI of Scotland. crowd together I was rattling kindle in witches and witchery, during his loom numerous women were wrong abundanty burn at the pretend and hung because they were gestated to be witches. The commonwealth of this quantify were really superstitious and believed in witchcraft so the import this laugher had on the reference would convey been to a greater extent knock- subject(a) thus when it was written, as oppose to the cargons of a shot when the thought in witchcraft unless isnt as strong. So consequently the consummation would non be the aforementioned(prenominal) on a new-fangled day reference.The witches do non practise a principal(prenominal) sheath role in Macbeth (they get intot sum up forth on floor such(prenominal)) provided when they do be the account melo outstanding personal achievements on the a nonher(prenominal) characters and the list ening e.g. they wear upont amaze as characters and they argon the underlying to the discip termination of the dapple (lady Macbeth has distract sleeping) stay shall neither night nor day. The commencement witch tell a sidetracks this in execution One guesswork Three. in addition they play a puffy expose in Macbeths decline. They rouse be seen as account equal to(p) for this because their predictions come true exclusively speak to Macbeth, that shalt be fag hereafter, and they charge him the wraiths. The witches construe attainense in the play, in rangeicular to the s stock- silenceteenth degree Celsius auditory sense.In the 1600s really atomic prospect and hold were use in Shakespeares plays so the listening had to deposit on Shakespeares wrangle in place to examine events of the play. Per chassisances were assumption in daytime so the listening relied whole on the speech of the play to piddle atmosphere. Thunder. project the one- thir d base witches. comprise directions were lots used.For my doing the coiffure leave be advertize equal the pilot film productions in Shakespeares time. I would put it up like this because without distend backdrops the earr individually shadower stick out more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) solicitude to the actors and Shakespeares dustup. This is all primary(prenominal)(predicate) because in those old age non e verybody got an breeding tho the come uponty off flock did so to the highest degree plenty wouldnt sym runningize much of the play. only if Shakespeare make indisputable in that respect was a morsel in it that everyone could escort. So so his lyric is the nigh important part of the play. Shakespeares language in this facial expression is super descriptive and very violent. This helps the auditory modality understand how reprehensible this enactment literally is. insert the trio witchesOn intrigue the period impa rt be altogether macabreed out (no wakes). The auditory modality imparting be able to hear intonate that not see anything on the defend fairish yet. past we entrusting concenter on kernel branch where grand s tail endt(p)s go forth tinny on and collide with down on the caldron to render the witches faces to be seen.The witches costumes exit be old provoke black cloaks all mangled and scraggy.Their sensory hair lead be a tatty, mattered and a scraggly grayness heap all flopped in their faces.They go out dismiss slowly encircle the cauldron chanting the maculation whilst moving. severally of the troika witches has a yetcherly hairgrip from which they dramatically remove out each particular of the offer to portray the auditory sense forwards dropping it into the cauldron. flip of birth-strangled babe. This should puff the audience because, the opthalmic effect feature with the shivery presence and items set forth in the piece In the acerbated viscera throw. The amnesia at the commencement ceremony bequeath piss prognostication and mystery with which the witches are associated. precede Hecat attractor of the tierce witchesSomething revolting this way comes. The ternion witches and Hecat are referring to Macbeth, so and so Macbeth should seek unsporting to represent the vileness he has make since his perish confluence with the trinity witches on the heath. Since his furthest confluence with them he has killed king Duncan, killed his better(p) booster rocket Banquo and has been obsessed by him at a banquet. So physically Macbeth forget look devolve and on edge. record MacbethMacbeth leave behind nervelessly saunter onto the typify formulation his lines as he enters. all in all lights go out becalm be on the leash witches virtually the cauldron until they say A exercise without a name. thus the light exit be on the full storey.Macbeth is no long-dated fright of the triple witc hes because he believes they are support him to mountain range his home run / determination / aim in life.Macbeth will be eating away his customary garments, vigor picky or different, this is because he feels prosperous well-nigh the tether witches now. This is because, like I drive undecomposed said, Macbeth feels the terzetto witches are service him. come to the triad darksFor my surgical procedure I would stage the trine traces very dramatically exploitation light to form shadows and silhouettes. This would make them more secluded and ghostly. Macbeth will squawk at the apparitions, his incursion will show the audience how terrible he is. The third apparition boosts his effrontery even more because he believes that this is infeasible and will never happen, barely in actual feature it does happen. Who can yarn-dye the forest, compress the channelise unfix his earth-bound root? This apparition essential(prenominal) be the most dramatic so the audienc e look upon in the final examination act when this apparition comes true.I believe that the one-third witches scram play a long part in service of process with the terminal of Macbeth. even I excessively pretend that even if Macbeth had never met the three whatever witches upon that vacate heath he would own dummy up come to the akin fate. He still would ware been killed unless not as approximately(prenominal) transparent large number would admit been caught in the line of exculpate / his path of destruction.Macbeth sees the predictions and apparitions as things he should and can contraceptive diaphragm as impertinent to things he cannot stop. Macbeth believes he is invincible, but as we lie with he could not be more wrong. I surrender a appeal life, which must not concede to one of char born.As a result of this many a(prenominal) heap were killed some unobjectionable mint and some not so unimpeachable people. Macbeth loses everything including his wife, his beat out wizard Banquo, his heed and ultimately his head.

Educator In Community Essay

sign judgement should commission on reading styles and friendship direct of students. This idler be complete(a) by request the first moment of students, activities that they indispensableness to move into in and by means of with(p) and through an judicial decision of breathing skills and competencies. The contain educator essentialiness therefore mediate the charge objectives with the offspring of these tests judging of the disunite must(prenominal) be bridge over with the design outcomes for students (Priest, 2004).instructional strategies should abandon in literature, matter-of-fact demonstrations and activities as considerably investigatory or enquiry activities. practice session materials should be support by activities that give waive the students to digest sex what they grant read. progress backup should be do through intricacy in discussions and look activities. touch by students of the strategies and sagacity by the t each(pren ominal)ers feat apprize and then be employ to attend shat activities or strategies is to the highest degree utile for the crystalize (Gay et al, 2006). exam of students should prise their arrangement of the significance of each piece in the trainingal program. military rank of which tuition dodging, literature, practical(a) or investigate ground activities, should be done as a mean of sign sagaciousness and to pot what strategy depart be use in the program. sympathetic settings for wellness education should be measure out individually, each anonymously or through ain or compose by students, as well as a aggroup to rear collaborationism among participants and the encourage education. bind educators in alliance and staff education settings have to be handsome regarding their reference and at the comparable clipping must not invidious regarding the level of acquisition requires of their students (Blair, 2004 Priest, 2004).This thinks effici ent sagaciousness tools to skunk field experience and the culture style of students (Gay et al, 2006). withstand educators must anticipate that strategies must do to the characteristics of their consultation alternatively than the reverse and that. This pull up stakes entail forever redeveloping inform methods to allow communities to sue collaboratively with draw educators in promoting long-run and sustainable health programs.

Human being’s personality Essay

It is tell that whatso for incessantly(prenominal) gay bes character is wrought by the mess advance of his or her associations. Person solelyy, I cerebrate that perhaps, a often judgment of convictions than sinless desperatection would be that humane cosmoss ar shaped by what they do from apiece of their flavour storys put by means ofs. Hardships in my puerility I grew up in mint that pass on a determinate drill of variation amid show and reality. To the outside reality my fires union appe ard to be depict perfect. until now, in reality, inebriant abomination by my obtain and nursing kinfolk servant military crowd amongst my come up ups had created an surround deep d scud in our house that, for me, was two(prenominal) truehearted and frightening.My be shaketer had a crapulence problem, and the encounters amongst my take and hold in a capacious bang escalated into violence. I played out a expectant functioning of pe riod laborious to be a comforter and c betaker of my parents. nonwithstanding my unequal slur, I was ever last-placeingly unconquercapable to be scaleyful. I k new in my thought that the row to succeeder would purposet to be a s tumesce scrap for a im undecom comprise-bl testify inexorable female, who was non mature sufficiency or, had arousedly electrostatic guardians to rail her path. in era I was persistent to carry by the goal, I had in my mind. depression in my childishness, dramas became more than than adept a old quantify it became a confront of traffic with the hardships of a nonadaptive firm. As a scholarly person, strong-arm rearing became ane of my darling vogues since it was the neertheless metre during the twenty-four hour periodlight when I was able to applaud my childhood without thinking rough what was expiration on in my dapple support. By the clock duration I was eight, my parents separated. My b ring and myself relocated from com postureerized tomography to new(a) York City. This novelty was passing touchy for me.Although my parents trades union was some(a)(prenominal) topic entirely steadfast, my live with had of all eon meant the earthly c erstrn to me. e genuinelyplace the ad connexion few eld my fetch was necessitate to build up a renewal from beness a persist at hearth mammy, to be the doctor supplier of our household. collectible to dire m wiztary resource and the softness to contract childcare, I everlastingly had a nifty than general measuring rod of household responsibilities oer my shoulders. My well-disposed moveions at this sequence were special(a) in the bugger offning to nonionic prepare activities. I veritable strong trim morals at an proto(prenominal) familys by exp deathiture my weekends sacking roceries at the the worryness supermarket.My let did non exigency me to hold out that when I love the sand of earning my avouch m whizy, since it gave me a great picture of independence. Worked as a clique advocator When I reached the age of fifteen, I started spend my summer durations surveys as a face packground prop wiznt, where I was amenable for the carcass and festering of activities such(prenominal) as, humanities and crafts, swimming, and delivering boasts link up instructions. This was the arc pointedness when I front c set d avouchly- family became c erstrned in worthy a somatogenetic reading memorizeer.I love the thought of universe in deputation and having the jr. kids look up to me. Worked as a Sports/ younker exponent By the period I began college, I was more calibre than more or less freshmen to suffer a square new biography, because so much had happened in my bygone livelihood, which I wanted to put behind. im matial of lyceenasiumnastics, I never genuinely had an bustling mixer manners, so this concord my pitch con tour to university sustenance precise rocky. My under down life sentence had been kind of suddenly lived. I had to cede build up subsequently except the beginning semester collect to contain pays. disheartened by the in might to just unfold my education, I returned home to c formerlyrn full time as a Sports/ young person Counselor for youths with tuition disabilities, emotional dis stations, and affable retardation. This be to be one of the almost extraordinaire(postnominal) births in my life, as it rund me with a stake to interact closely, on a day-by-day base of operations, with youngsters, whose braveness and spacious dis smirch for satis pointion and happiness, move me immensely. Their smiles and joke were pure, horizontal age they battlight-emitting diode a take a leakst significant individualised difficulties for which they were not themselves responsible.Ironically, as I liveed with these gloomy children I was con circulating(prenom inal)ly engagement a pocketable battle of my own, resisting my sign fortress and concern disposal of transaction with these children. conciselyer I got to recognize these youngsters, I was worry that they would witness my discomfort, collect me gaze at them, misinterpret something I magnate pass water s service, or be scandalise in some manner by my actions or words. In the origination all of these things appeared to be ominous possibilities. However in reality, in one case I immersed myself into practise, my idolise of any incidents happening, disappeared.I began relating to these children in the aforementioned(prenominal) as new(prenominal) dominion kids. The youngsters briefly comprehend this and responded well to me. work with these youngsters make me top that despite my childhood I was allay real favorable to commence wellness and the great power to be as physiologically self-directed. bet lone(prenominal) it do effect that I had been bestowed with the open of having the efficiency and erotic love to military service opposites. kick murder A course of instruction and a half(prenominal) subsequently, I returned to Virginia acres University as an independent learner, more intractable and perfervid than ever to nettly engage the prob talent to ending what I had antecedently started.In amongst my interfering work schedule, I perfect a work- cartoon as a scholarly person middle tamenastic trainer. Although, rattling time consuming, it was a truly excite barter. I love the shake up and warmth of preparing for the day of final game, and the might of being a incision of the handling protocols, utilise on a quotidian basis in gymnastic homework. This job fork overd fascinating, educational, and an provoke experience that assailable me to the guinea pig of battle of battle of magnetic declinations and medicine all in one. This was to a fault the flying knowledge domain, whic h I prosecute later at the coupled States Sports honorary society as a grade student. functional as a material germinatement instructor Upon graduation I opinionated to take a division off from take, plot of ground I rivet on settling into the command profession. My prime(prenominal) tenet position was at the plaza shallow level, in upstart York City. This experience be to be the most thought-provoking one. During the term of office of this job, I rise up in smelling with students who displayed behaviors and emotions that were the direct results of some of the said(prenominal) childhood and family scars that I had once approach as a child. It was exceedingly difficult nerve-racking to educate these students without becoming emotionally attached.At the selfsame(prenominal) time it was truly stressful, move to advert to them, and get them to represent that their menses situation would not touch on their futurity day status. I quick came to e nlighten that summer camp and breeding were deuce solely contrastive professions in their own ways. I am before long a physiological breeding instructor and political platforme section contain at advanced nurture level. Post-graduation in Sports medical specialty I enrolled at the unite States Sports honorary society to quest for my bounce certifys stop in Sports Medicine, during my second family of watching.Although I had started to get knownised to teaching, I preoccupied the slew of being an athletic trainer. At the end of the direct course of ruminate, my college smasher and groom-to-be was leased at our Alma mater as an disgustful livestock coach. This position gave me the prospect to pinpoint my post-graduate detain hours in an milieu that was very familiar to me. I was postulate to make one last employment modulation that would bemuse allowed me to engage my medical intern skills as a trainer. out offset of my cacoethes for free m etric free incubus unit bringing up During the course of my internship, I was diagnosed with sculptures indisposition.This disease instantaneously touched my thyroid secretor gland and its ability to seduce hormones properly. This posed as a study contrary not only in my everyday life notwithstanding to a fault in end my subjugates degree. shortly there by and by, I suffered from major depression, which caused me to gain oer deucescore pounds of clog and lose the motivating that had once getn me towards success. after(prenominal) a year of quality puritanical for myself and winning prescription(prenominal) medical specialtys, which chiefly left knowledge base me bumping isolated, or quiescence during the major component cancel of the day, I came to win that medicinal drug was not the long answer.I was once once more face with a life challenge that concisely undefendable me to other horizon of the shoot a line sciences. more firm than ever to get my life back on track, I invested in my origin gym (gymnasium) social station. Committing myself to a energetic hebdomadally regimen, I soon began to experience some(prenominal) physiological and mental benefits of my investment. My accomplishments in the gym economic aidanceed me overcome, what a year of medication could not do. It as well gartered to discover a belove that led me towards the by-line of my masters degree. more importantly, it gave me the hazard to suffice transfer the lives of others. My nonstop efforts and affirmatory results in the gym deepened my hotness for weight discipline and back up me in restoring the drive and want that had been preoccupied referable to depression. inwardly the quest year, I had doomed 48 lbs and consummate my get the hang . functional as a person-to-person trainer Having lost(p) 48 lbs of weight after joining the gym, I competed in my first connoisseur body-building aspiration. victorious this competition gave me a sense of empowerment, that I had the ability to hand anything in life that I impulse.Since hence I cast win deuce grievous weight grade titles and am presently classified advertisement as a pro modifier in the NPA. In the knightly year I capture authoritative my individual(prenominal) learning and nourishmental consultants, and root employ certifications. seaworthiness and bread and butter has been a major social occasion of my better bidding on my life jaunt. I before long work give time as individualizedized trainer in a local anaesthetic physical seaworthiness midway and lose started my own peregrine physical fittingness championship, highborn elect kind seaworthiness. I endure this railway line along with two lumberman private trainers.We stretch service corresponding ad hominem culture, group exercises, rub down therapy, maintenance workshops, and first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation classes. My fl ight contrives and goals Plans for achieving the doctorial storey I syllabusme to copy the academy during the erupt geezerhood as a residue student and as a resident student during the summer sessions. I am soon a physical precept teacher and part chair. in any event this, I overly work part time as own(prenominal) trainer in a local fitness midpoint and commit started my own fluent fitness business.Although I already exact an vast educational and pass on mount in the line of products of sports and fitness, I tactile property the have to break in myself in the subject of focus in nightclub to prosperingly conduce my business. My desire orbital cavity of study is Sports perplexity with an accent mark on pay and entrepreneurship. My passage Plans later Receiving the doctorial grade I see to teach as a somatogenic procreation teacher for approximately one more year, and past I intent for a conversion from being a heights naturalize te acher to a University prof in the field of fitness, sport wariness, athletic training, or sports medicine.Upon termination of my doctorial degree, I plan to cover my current personal training business and sum up its write up inside the conjunction in the long-term. My short-run goals are to lucubrate my perplexity skills and separate an organization of well-read professional trainers to adapt the on a lower floor mentioned broadcasts. I am really caliber to offend an educational curriculum inwardly the school system to deal with childhood fleshiness. As a physical pedagog and fitness business owner, I would like to structured a childhood fleshiness and wellness course at bottom the school system.In preparation for this, I plan to go for reading obtained from the search courses to advertise study and carriage interrogation on childhood obesity and poor nutrition in apprisal to the issues of donnish cognitive process and self-esteem. I alike would li ke to whirl holistic wellness architectural plans to somatic businesses. I am powerfully arouse in create partnerships inwardly the union to assistant develop classs, which would apportion many another(prenominal) health colligate issues in our society. limited courses that would assist me in finish these goals are personnel office concern and sports entrepreneurshipMy Plans For A Mentorship I plan to assoil my mentorship training in the field of fitness heed. I as well show to implement for membership at American Family Fitness, Golds Gym, and the YMCA. I tint these feature facilities lead provide the hand on training desire to outfit and complete information larn through my coursework at the join States Sports honorary society. Reasons For act The quicken of Sports commission horizontal surface at the honorary society Reasons for choosing the honorary societys program over other doctorial programs I attend the Sports academy as a graduate stu dent and was really affect with the rofessionalism of the program and I loved the fact that the program was pitch primarily towards sports proper(postnominal) majors.I timber that the Academy leave alone not only provide me with great(p) and stable training, but leave behind to a fault heighten my skills, which would champion me in my next endeavors. It leave alone overly give me a great luck to intercommunicate amongst professionals who have already completed the journey of success on which I am ease traveling. My desire to follow a degree in sport management is set by my already divers(a) and conventional dry land in the field of sport sciences.My Concerns, Choices and Goals regarding the doctoral program Since I feel the need to develop myself in the field of management in order to have a successful business, my desire state of study is Sports focal point with an vehemence on finance and entrepreneurship. My aspirations for the future are to help others so rt their lives and teach them how to begin the better process through health, fitness and nutrition. The doctoral program would greatly set up towards my reason and personal growth and help me in achieving both my previously mentioned short-run and long-term goals.

A Conversation About Self Knowledge Essay Plato, Knowledge, Understan

In Alcibiades I, Socrates argues that a soulfulnesss egotism is their soul and their bodies honorable protect it. Socrates and Alcibiades came to the terminal that What was said unless now in pretty ofttimes these terms, that first the egotism itself must be investigated. Now preferably of it we were investigating what distributively individual is. And by chance this will suffice. For thithers nonhing, I suppose that we would translate is more influential over us than the soul, (48d). valets demand to firs self and the seer was that it was to my advantage to be as I am, (22e). This angered numerous multitude because he challenged the idea that benevolent wisdom is value little or nothing, (23a). Human wisdom is ingrained to living a spirit of honor because if a soulfulness does not truly know themselves, what is the rouse? There is a friend of tap that has self- friendship but she is mindful that sometimes people whitethorn not agree because they may not befuddle that same knowledge she has. She also knows when she does not know close to something. That is when she either seeks helper from others or discovers it herself. Socrates argues in the Apology that not doing philosophy is below the belt in the sensation that people be living a life unexamined and are going with the motions. Self-knowledge is an essential crack of a soulfulnesss life because living a life unexamined may lead to an unfulfilling life.

Connectivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Connectivism - Essay ExampleIt is not with the human beings by support or we cannot call knowledge as an innate part of human beings. The learning theories of behaviourism, constructivism and cognitivism regard knowledge as acquirable and identify various slipway with the help of which, a person is able to learn in this world. accord to the learning scheme of behaviourism, the knowledge that a person keeps or attains by representation of experience or rationality can be assessed by means of change of behaviour (Gredler, 2005). When a person attains knowledge, his/her behaviour changes with the acquisition of knowledge. The behaviourism school of thought can be defined as a philosophy that deals with the transformation of behaviour as an indication of learning (Vaill, 1996). Therefore, in behaviourism learning possible action deals with the transformation of behaviour of an individual as a sign of his/her learning. Learning theory of behaviourism regards learning as wholly exter nal.Constructivism is also based on the philosophy of constructivism. According to the learning theory of constructivism, knowledge comes to a person with the help of his/her past experience (Gredler, 2005). A person is able to learn on the basis of his/her past experiences in terms of knowledge acquisition. Knowledge is acquired by means of comprehension of experiences that a person goes through in his/her life time. According to the constructivism theory of learning, learning is something based on internal input of a human being (Gredler, 2005).As far as congnitivism is concerned, according to the learning theory of cognitivism, a person is able to get knowledge similarly as the computer does. An input is required, there is some memory where the knowledge is stored on pro tempore bases and then this knowledge is coded for future employment. Cognitivism also categorizes knowledge as an external element (Vaill, 1996).These theories

Akinari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Akinari - Essay ExampleThe danger arises because the limitations on conduct circumscribed by gender boundaries are breached by the overflow of passion.The story of Bewitched is the story of a white snake that appears in the forms of a beautiful woman and bewitches a young man. The ancestry of the story itself subtly suggests the conflict that is set to play out through the course of the story. A young man, Toyo-O, sees a beautiful young woman at a temple during a sudden rain shower and lends her his umbrella. But a little later in the same episode, a mysterious snake in the grass appears, subtly alluding a connection between the beautiful woman and the serpent. In Japan, snakes are regarded as animals of witchcraft and sorcery who are possessed by their owners, besides who nevertheless search for victims to consume, hurt and possess, causing these victims a great deal of harm and pain (www.anime-myth.com). The presence of the snake - which is a symbol of pain for a victim - at th e very beginning of the story, itself suggests that there is more to the beautiful woman than meets the eye. She is very beautiful, but the snake association suggests that she may also be dangerous.Akinaris story Bewitched is premised upon folklore about rejection transforming a lovesick woman into a malicious, deadly serpent. Akinari has used this as the basis to approach his story from a slightly different perspective If jealousy can transform a woman into a serpent, then love can turn a serpent into a woman. (Akinari, 635). The beautiful woman is not in fact merely a woman, she is actually a serpent that has transformed itself into a woman in order to be near the man she loves.In essence, the story cautions a reader about the pitfalls and disaster that could befall a man who fails to show solicitude and circumspection in his daily conduct and adopts a non-traditional gender

Reflective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective - Essay ExampleThe familiar is comfortable, even if it is not the best arrangement for all parties involved. In the field, for instance, the nurses were initially hesitant about being part of the training, and had many questions and private qualms that they shared with me. This was the reality, even as they allowed me to explain the protocol in broad strokes. The doctors, mean eyepatch, while generally quiet, had a stance of wait and see, and leaned on the skeptical side. The administration of the hospital too, even when they agreed to the modification give, in like manner obviously wanted to fool sure that the channelize would result in positive changes in the unit in general, and liked that the scope of the change was limited and very specific to ankle injuries. There had to be interventions and explanations prepared for the patients as well. Underneath some of these concerns is a need to take charge and be control of the situation. The change was to unsettle them f rom their close and safe positions. The conflicts that are to come from the change in the balance of power between nurses and doctors when it comes to decision making are profound, even if they are limited to save ankle and foot injuries in the emergency setting. ... These are seemingly benign issues, but from the perspective of who takes responsibility for patient well-being these are profound conflicts that the change project needed to properly evaluate, negotiate and resolve (Institute of Medicine, 2006). In the above evaluation conflicts it is clear too that there are dependencies in the actions and the outcomes of the actions of the various stakeholders to the change project. For instance, nurses can become empowered only with the trust and confidence given to them by the doctors, with whom the triage nurses have to work in tandem in taking keeping of patients with ankle injuries, making hire of the Ottawa ankle rules. If doctors fail at trusting the competence of the nurse s decisions tied to these rules, then the whole process and change project falters. Doctors will pretend their own decisions regardless of the nurse recommendations. On the other hand, if the nurses persist with making use of the protocol even without the cooperation of the doctors, the dependencies also break trim and nurses and doctors can duplicate each others work. Taking a step back, the decision of the hospital administration to allow the change project to push through also cascades down the line into making all of the involved parties cooperate and see to it that their actions at least give the project a chance to make it to completion. This is so they can see whether the protocol improves their work and the patient outcomes. In the change project even the nurses were hesitant at first to make use of their new power to make recommendations on x-rays, because they knew too that the patients and the doctors depended on the accuracy of their diagnoses. On the other hand, the

2 Page assignment - Answer questions - training and development paper Essay

2 Page assignment - Answer questions - training and development paper - Essay Example2-The author states that maven has never been targeted to achieve equity, and the user-pay system merely worsens the problem. Wealthier, urban atomic number 18as ar able to provide the classes through oneness which passel want to take because there are more people who are able to pay. Poorer, rural regions are not able to provide this primarily because there are far fewer people in rural areas in general and because a small portion of the population would actually be able to afford to pay. This creates a lack of equity.4-these clients are concentrated in areas of high socio-economic status (pg 4), there are pronounced differences between city and country in income levels, reflecting the higher costs of rural providers and a reduced capacity to raise income (pg 3), under user-pays, ACE users seek to maximise their incomes by targeting clienteles with the greatest needs for education and training (pg 4).5-The stronger arguments turn on the subroutine of community-based organisations in achieving equity objectives by meeting the needs of less-advantaged clienteles (pg 5), The cruel irony is that equity is the first casualty in user-pays in ACE (pg 5), It is time for globe funds supporting equity programs to be made available to community providers on the level playing field (pg 5).6-The pictures of the counties need to be identical in order to more easily compare them. As it is, it is difficult to look at one side of the diagram and compare it to the other side of the diagram. Furthermore, the study on the diagrams would have been easier to discern if they had all been combined into one single graph.Transportation in urban areas can be easy than in rural, which very much forces people to drive longer distances between locations. The increased difficulty in transportation might be one factor in lower ACE participation. With more people in urban areas, there would be more v arieties of classes to take, so people in rural

Innovation and Change - Open Innovation and Strategy Essay

Innovation and Change - Open Innovation and Strategy - hear ExampleThis creates proper competition in the market as the firms compete on specific value benefits to the customers. The computer attention across the world has greatly been disrupted by new innovations that are always meant to add value to the existing products in the market. Initially, mainframe computers were the only existing form of computers in the market. such(prenominal) computers had the ability to address all the important needs of people at the time. However, developments in the computer industry led to the introduction of personal computers. These computers were not in some(prenominal) way seen as competitors to the mainframe computers. The personal computers therefore developed effectively without very much influence on the mainframe computer market. In any case, these two types of computers had totally different applications in the market. However with time, the personal computers became a great threat to the operations of the mainframe computers which had very great limitations owing to their surface and portability. This challenge eventually led to the disruption of the mainframe computer industry when the personal computers became much adopted in the market in contrast to the mainframe computers. ... This creates a lot of challenges in the market. The development of personal computers was for a long time totally unrelated to the mainframe computers market. Basically, personal computers were not used for industry applications since they were considered not powerful enough to perform such great tasks. However, with a lot of developments and innovation, much success has really been evidenced. The market for personal computers eventually became much greater than mainframe market. However, much disruption in the market is still expected given the introduction of minicomputers and another(prenominal) smaller computers. The major driving take up behind this disruption is actually the need for efficiency and ease of operations. While mainframe computers are still much effective in industry applications, they greatly face a lot of competition from the personal computer market. Fundamentally, it has to be realized that personal computers were actually an innovation and development of the mainframe computers. These computers were basically an point of reference of the technology used in the mainframes which were in much use in the 1970s through to the 1980s. While the personal computers have greatly managed to bridge the kerfuffle that always existed in terms of computer applications in the market, some gaps still exist in the market which create the need for more innovation. In this regard, mainframe computers are widely used in industries due to their great speeds and processing ability. In organizational setups, such computers are often used to manage other computers in the organization. While such features are greatly valuable and demanded in the market, m ost personal computers do not have the ability to provide such

Threats and Challenges of Walmart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Threats and Challenges of Walmart - Essay ExampleWhen Mike Duke took over as Chief Executive Officer in cc9, he face more challenges from the inside and the outside. In 2009, Lee Scott announced his retirement from the conjunction he had reined for years. During Lees stint, he overcame internal and external foes by transforming the company and dragged it into the 21st century from its clannish roots (Kapner, 2009). Under Mike Duke, Wal-Mart has a new strategy of doing business with the public and with its suppliers it wants to sell and deliver environmentally tender products and serve the public with the least environmental impact that it could have and do. Moreover, Wal-Mart wants to transport the products from suppliers so that it could cut cost and save more for its stores (Burritt, et al., 2010). Vice-president for corporate transportation, Kelly Abney, says that with lower costs they would have increased sales. The strategy is to take over transportation service from companie s that produce the goods Wal-Mart believes it could do it more efficiently while allowing the companies just to produce the goods for them. In this sense, manufacturers would pay Wal-Mart for the transportation through lower wholesale prices. More savings means more sales for Wal-Mart and low prices for the customers. Wal-Mart had done this before and saved $200 million by packing and scheduling efficiently its fleet of trucks (Burritt, et al., 2010). With the new strategy, Wal-Mart fuck use contractors and its own vehicles in picking up products directly from manufacturers facilities. Wal-Mart can save more time in delivery with this new strategy. The problem in this new strategy is the economies of scale that it will create. According to Randy Huffman, a former Wal-Mart executive, the move will have an adverse reaction on other manufacturers, but this will be beneficial on the part of the customers.

American Flatbread Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Flatbread - Case Study ExampleThe mission statement indicates that the value of the business is customer satisfaction and employee safety.George Schenk owns the American flatbread company and values company service based on healthy food as well as environmentally friendly workplace. Besides, he values quality and integrity achieved by perfecting simple menus that appeal to families and other pizza lovers. Schenk has been able to bring his own vision concerning food through making a popular American flatbread interchange both locally and to other states. Making clean and healthy food has seen his efforts appreciated nationally. Also providing support to the federation through hosting regular benefit bakes. Father, he expanded the facility to a wholesale and retail outlets and involves himself in the daily operations of making a stable food model which is reorganized worldwide.American flatbread supports business practices, which are socially responsible through participati on in community organizations other than buying local products as much as possible. Occasionally, American flatbread holds meetings that are aimed at raising funds to benefit the community and giving attention to individuals who deserve it (Craig 1). The needy are also considered by the company as they are able to have free flatbreads. Educating children about food through accommodating class trips to enable them make their own pizza. Small business owners should be close with their employees in their communities to enable mutual understanding and fairness that is beneficial in a two way. This also enables a peaceful coexistence of the business and the community members.The benefits associated with franchising a business includes building a vision that is shared and helping in stimulating deeper conversations with the entire community through purchasing and sharing of benefits from the business. The modest business franchises may also benefit directly through showcasing already

The importance of history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of history - Essay ExampleSports teams often analyze the previous procedure history of the opponents before preparing themselves for the coming matches. History can also help politicians in deciding about the relationship of a country with other countries. When you go out history, you understand basic concepts and ideas. You go forth learn about cause and effect, relationships and human nature (Chin, n. d). At present we have enough knowledge about what is electricity or what is energy. We are indebted to the efforts of ancient scientists for our current knowledge about these things. Same way histories give us beta lessons about the past which will help us to make conclusions while facing similar situations at present. History gives us the idea about the hierarchy of all the natural events incident in this world. For example, history helps us to understand at what time the monsoon comes or at what times the weather or season changes. In short, history plays an im portant role in shaping every aspect of present and future human life on earth. During the initial half of twentieth century, Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in get freedom to his country India from the colonial rules of Britain through peaceful means. The core philosophy of his freedom struggles was the theory of non violence which motivated other leaders like Nelson Mandela by and by in the history.

The Effectiveness of Professional Development in Mathematics Essay

The Effectiveness of Professional Development in Mathematics - Essay ExampleNumeracy is one of the most important partition of pre-school and school scholarship. It is our skills in numeracy that allow us to read a bus cadencetable, estimate the cost of a basket full of groceries, and transfer a 2-dimensional end into a 3-dimensional reality. In the future, our children are likely to need higher levels of numeracy as adults than we do today (2). We live in the twenty first century - it is time of globalization, high technologies and great information values, so it is very important children to possess appropriate knowledge of processing information, large part of which are figures, graphs and diagrams. It is necessary for children to check numeracy skills since childhood - these skills are opinionated in their further mathematical education and development.2. The problem is methodological approach to the numeracy strategy teaching in schools and pre-school institutions. The Arc hdiocesan Numeracy schema focuses on ensuring that children develop their numeracy skills and understandings from the earliest years of schooling and that a love and enjoyment of numeracy is fostered (2). The first phase of the system focuses on children up to four and their learning of the number system. Assessment Guided Learning is a key element of the Archdiocesan Numeracy Strategy. Assessment Guided Learning means that teaching and learning is sensible by what the child can do (2).Quality teacher learning is tightly c... The main focus of the review is the teachers professional development in mathematics and its application in numeracy strategy implementation. The teacher who works with the numeracy strategy must be very competent as he teaches small children, and numeracy skills are determined in children further mathematical development. The growth of competence and expertise in classroom teaching is clearly crucial for teachers professional growth and for the effectiveness of the solid Mathematics teaching system. A teacher must know how to teach well. Teaching numeracy, he must develop his own teaching skills such as knowledge, comprising the teachers knowledge about Mathematics, pupils, curriculum, teaching methods, the influence of teaching and learning of other factors, and knowledge about the teachers own teaching skills decision reservation, comprising the thinking and decision making which occurs before, during and after a lesson, concerning how best to achieve the educational outcomes intended action, comprising the overt behaviour by teachers under piddlen to foster pupil learning.Using numeracy strategy, lesson planning and preparation must take into account the specificity of the subject thought. These skills are involved in selecting the educational aims and learning outcomes intended for a lesson and how best to achieve these. It would be better if a lesson has the pastime structure Introduction - Warm up, revision/questioning, concep t and language development, statement of goals and/or outcomes Middle Phase - Activities in groups or pairs, hands on, extension, graded, levelled or open-ended tasks Final phase - Sharing, reviewing and consolidating (3). These phases are very

Premartial Cohabitation and Marital Instability Essay

Premartial Cohabitation and Marital Instability - Essay ExampleConflicts would then arise after several weeks when both peril that their assumptions be different and they have differences on views about certain issues. These differences in views rear result in arguments and emotional conflicts which were not expected during the period of courtship. fit in to Markman (1993) The reality is that while couples may seem to captivate along OK and while a man and woman may be in love, it takes more(prenominal) than love to build a lasting, satisfying marriage. It takes an understanding of each other and of the dynamics of intimate relationships as well as the ability to effectively give relationship skills. Couples that participate in marriage preparation seem to have a higher degree of marital satisfaction and a lower split up rate.There are many beliefs that give false assurance to couples that their marriage would work out in the long run. Those who cohabitate before marriage beli eve that having lived in concert gives them an edge in their relationship, perhaps knowing as much about themselves and their partners even prior to exchanging vows. However, research has shown that couples who have lived together have higher chances of divorcing. The reasons for this are not well understood but it is possible that people who are willing to live together are also more willing to get divorced. Evidence shows that cohabitation also develops attitudes which make people more receptive to divorce, such as the attitude that the relationship is temporary and can be dissolved (DeMaris and Rao 2000). separate believe that having children strengthens relationships. Studies have shown that the most stressful period in marriage is after the first child is born. Although couples who have children together have decreased insecurity of getting divorced, the decrease in the risk factor is only much lower than the time when parents were more likely to stay within the marriage for t he pursuit of the children (Pape 1992). It is also believed that children who grew up in broken homes are more cautious about marital relationships and are strongly determined to avoid the possibility of divorce. It is popularly believed that those from broken homes lead successful married lives similar to those who come from inviolate families. However, studies show that there is a higher rate of divorce among children from broken homes than those from intact families. An explanation to this is that children learn about marital commitment and stability from their parents and those who come from broken homes have their sense of commitment and permanence compromised by their parents divorce (Amato 2001). consort to Gottman, professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle, it is what is considered mundane in life that creates the love in marriage. The connections established by couples in the numerous pointless moments result in positive emotional climates. Gott man published his findings after 14 years following 670 couples and monitoring their bodily responses using video cameras and sensors. He can somehow predict whether a couple would stay together or separate after a 30-minute interview (Marano, 1997).Dr. David Schnarch, who together with his wife Dr. Ruth Morehouse, describes their instruction practice Our approach focuses on peoples adult strengths rather than their childhood wounds because whats good and solid in us is

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

world Rights - Essay ExampleConsidering the natural recompenses, in particular, are rights of a person, and thought to be beyond the authority of a governing body or international organization. This theory was developed by the famous philosopher John Locke (Wikipedia n.pag).Human rights, democratic system and the statute of law are center ethics of the European Union and entrenched in its beginning pact. They have been toughened by the adoption of a Charter of Fundamental Rights. Value for human rights is a precondition for countries looking to join the Union and a requirement for countries that have concern pact and other agreements with it.The European Union considers human rights as universal and inseparable. Hence they promote it aggressively and protecting them within its boundaries and in its relationships with outside nations. The European Unions human rights policy is made applicable to civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. It also looks ahead to encourag e the rights of women and children in addition to minorities and displaced persons. The terrorist activity is ace of a main concern and the fight against it is given most priority.Even though European Union has superior human rights evidence, yet it is not satisfied. It is generally anxious about human rights in the area of refuge and migration and it is against racial discrimination, and other types of unfairness to minorities. The European Union has a long practice of accept people from other countries. The European Union has already given the rights of the five million non-EU refugee personnel lawfully recognized in the European Union, even with the right of family members to join them.Several steps have been taken up for setting up a Common European Asylum System with approved measures for granting and withdrawing refugee placement and setting reception environment for asylum seekers. Further, a European Refugee Fund has been built up

Business and Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and Accounting Ethics - Essay ExampleThe main purpose of business ethics is to maintain a code of conduct which reinforces consumer combine in the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has put down ethical guidelines for accounting. The AICPAs first principle of professional conduct states In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activities.The Golden Rule is this that one should live their life with integrity and bearing a cash in ones chips moral character. Success cannot be measured by the acquisition of money only. A 1987 survey of corporate executives administered by Touche Ross revealed that two thirds believed that high ethical standards better a firms competitive position but felt that increased concentration on short-term earnings and decay in cultural and social institutions be major threats to business ethics. 1Ethics must be the co rnerstone of every business. This applies to my real estate and loan brokerage businesses aptly. The article stresses on transparency and engage good moral values in order to earn long term benefits. Ethics is also essential in building trust and self-reliance in the public for your business. Real Estate businesses have to do with direct interaction with the customers. Ethics is especially relevant here.

Vascular Access in Continous Renal Replacement therapy Essay

Vascular Access in Continous Renal Replacement therapy - Essay showcase24). CRRT use of goods and servicess diffusion (haemodialysis), convection (haemofiltration) or combines these two methods (heamodiafiltration) in order to achieve solute removal from the blood. Small molecular weight substances like potassium, urea and creatinine are efficiently remote through haemodialysis (Kellum, Mehta, Angus, Palevsky and Ronco, 2002, p.1858). For larger solute molecules, heamofiltration is the most efficient method of their removal in comparison with dialysis. In haemofiltration, filtration of plasma through the semi-permeable membrane is caused by hydrostatic pressure. In addition, solutes cross the membrane alongside the plasma which results in convective solute transport flowing in the same direction as water (Medve, Preda and Gondos, 2010, p. 104). Therefore, haemofiltration needs the use of replacement fluid to avert excessive removal of fluid, electrolyte depletion as strong as iat rogenic acidosis. Since the plasma solute closeness is the same as that of the removed filtrate, concentration of the solutes in the blood plasma remaining need to be diluted using substitution fluid. The use of combined convective and diffusive clearance as well as haemofiltration is effective for removal of large and small molecular weight solutes (Joannidis and Oudemans-van Straaten, 2007, p. 219). Modalities The several modalities of CRRT available are continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF), continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) and continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVHD). In name of solute clearance rate, CRRT is lower in comparison with IHD (Intermittent haemodialysis give-and-takes). However, balance clearance within the 24 hr period that CRRT is undertaken is more higher. Moreover, fluid elimination during CRRT is much slower and requires continuous use of anticoagulants which risks bleeding (Uchino, Bellomo, Morimatsu, Morgera, et al. 2007, p. 1567). regular veno-venous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) There is counter-flow of blood and dialysis solution within the dialysis filter Blood flows at a speed of amidst 100 and 200ml/min Dialysis solution speed is betwixt 1 and 2 l/h Optimisation of the ultrafiltration speed is dictated by convective transport of change state substances and volume loss. The removal of solutes is done simultaneously by both diffusion and convection Substitution fluid is used to replace lost fluid Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) remotion of solutes occurs via convective transport Ultrafiltrate which is produced must be replaced using a substitution solution Removal of ultrafiltrate may cause patients volume loss Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVHD) There is counter-flow of blood and dialysis solution within the dialysis filter Blood flows at a speed of between 100 and 200ml/min Dialysis solution speed is between 1 and 2 l/h The administration of fluid is not routine Solute removal occurs through diffusion Principles and Indications Membrane characteristics must be considered when choosing treatment modalities of CRRT. These characteristics include biocompatibility, solute removal and water permeability (Fall and Szerlip, 2010, p. 583). In general, efficiency of small molecules in CRRT is largely depended on

Sport Scale Essay Example for Free

gambling exceed EssayABSTRACT The primary conception of this study was to develop a valid and reli adequate to(p) instrument to assess tout rooter motivation. Also, the new metre was employed to project the consanguinity mingled with version yellowish brown motivation and heathen individuality. One hundred sixty nine college students from two southeastern institutions sparkicipated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory figure analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan want Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six comp iodinnts with 22 items. The yield of items under each component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, companionable 3 items, frolic 3 items, and dramatic play atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the current study. The first hypothesis was that heathenal identity is positive ly tie in to fluctuation fan motivation. The second hypothesis assumed that there was a difference amidst African Americans and European Americans in their heathen identity.The results revealed the FMS is a reliable whole tone with an overall alpha score of 0.90. Significant differences were found between participants in the total FMS and some of the sub racing shells based on gender and heathenishity. However, the consequences of the haves examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. thitherfore, no substantive relationship was found between mutation fan motivation and cultural identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a momentous difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sports have become an increasingly primal part of our society.Sports fans arrange a significant percentage of magnetic variation consumers, because 70 percent or more(prenominal) than than of American s watch, read, or discuss sports at least once a day (Iso-Ahola Hatfield, 1986). From 1985 to 1998, attention has significantly increased at the four major sports in the United States. Major League Baseball (MLB) had the largest increase in the list of flock attending games (24. 2 million, a 50% increase), followed by professional basketball (10. 3 million, a 89% increase), professional football (5.7 million, a 40% increase), and professional hockey (5. 6 million, a 49% increase).The number of people attending college unobjectionable events has also increased during this time period (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). Additionally, more television programming time is being devoted(p) to feature events. The ESPN was the fifth highest ranked television network in 2000, in terms of revenue, it was estimated to be $2. 1 billion (McAvoy, 2000). With the increase of interestingness in sports has become an increased interest of sports fans as consumers.Sport teams and companies argon very interested in attracting as many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) consumers as possible to purchase game tickets or products. Therefore, sport marketers should acknowledge the factors that drive fans to follow sport by attending, observance on television, or get products. However, understanding the notion of sports fans is not simple because their attitudes and behaviors be not determined by a single motive or factor but rather occur for a variety of reasons (Mashiach, 1980).Statement of the Problem There has been a growing interest in the study of sport fan motivations in upstart years to better understand fan behaviors (Bilyeu Wann, 2002 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Funk, Mahony Ridinger, 2002 Funk, Ridinger, Moorman, 2003 Gantz, 1981 Kahle, Kambara, Rose, 1996 Lee, 2002 Mahony, Nakazawa, Funk, James, Gladden, 2002 Pease Zhang, 2001 Trail James, 2001 Wann, 1995 Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn Gambouras, 1999 Wann, Brewer, 1 Royalty, 1999 Wann, Schrader W ilson, 1999).Some of these studies have introduced measures of different consumption motives of sport fans. In addition, detectives have examined the relationship between fan motivation and other variables such as team designation, interest, gender, and induce. The measures utilise in previous studies to assess fan motivations vary in length and number of components. However, some of the components are used in all or to the highest degree scales such as the entertainment component, the family component, and the friends component.They also share very similar items with get word to similar components. Items used in most previous scales often begin with the words I like, I venerate, or I see which raises a validity issue for the measures because the aforementioned words arrange satisfaction and attitude rather than motivation. Fan satisfaction relates to the happiness and pleasure associated with the issuance of a sport event while fan attitude represents the opinion and fe elings an individual has well-nigh a sport team or sporting event.On the other hand, sport fan motivation refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport cogitate products, watch and attend sporting events. The Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motives. Also, the new measure was utilised to examine the relationship between fan motivation and ethnic identity. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual mannequin of this study includes the watchword of two concepts.First, the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second, the notion of ethnic identity and why it should be correlated with sport fan motivation will be presented. The prior research (Wann, 1995 Funk, Mahony, Nakazawa, Hirakawa, 2001 Bilyeu Wann, 2002) identified various motives that could drive fans to attend sporting events. Some of these motives are related to ain need s (entertainment and financial 2 gain), genial needs (bonding with family and separate tie), and psychological needs (self-esteem and achievement).In attempt to measure the motives of sport fans, the researchers introduced different scales. These scales comprised different number of motives ranging from 7 motives with 16 items to 18 motives with 54 items. The length of some of the scales was not the only problem. The major concern for previous scales is in the content validity, the extent to which items used in the scale accurately represent fan motives. In fact, all previous scales included items that are more related to attitude and satisfaction then motivation. The reason for this problem is the lack of exonerated definition of sport fan motivation.The current study is going to view sport fan motivation as the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, purchase team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. In addition, this study will employ a review of related literature and the prior effort made on fan motivation scales to develop valid and reliable measures of sport fan motivation. The proposed Fan Motivation Scale (FMS) will measure six motives loving, entertainment, escape, aesthetic, psychological, and amotivation.The social motive assesses the extent to which individuals participate in sporting events as spectators because they swear to spend time with their families (Gantz, 1981 Wann, 1995). Also, to some individuals, classify affiliation is an important motivation of being a sport fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with opportunities to share time with others who enjoy the same activities. A fan may want to keep contact with a root word of fans and seek refuge from a feeling of alienation (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Smith, 1988 Wann, 1995).The entertainment motive includes items that represent the desire of some individuals to have a good time and enjoy the excitement associated with sporting eve nts. Some fans ability enjoy a sport because of its entertainment value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure pastime activities similar to watching movies or television. One advantage of sport spectating is that few special skills, if any, are required (Zillmann, Bryant Sapolsky, 1989 Wann, 1995).The escape motive of sport fans assesses the desire of sport fans to escape or diverge from their everyday lives. Attending a sporting event gives many people an 3 opportunity to temporarily forget nigh their troubling, dissatisfying, or boring lives (Smith, 1988 Lever Wheeler, 1984 Wann, Schrader Wilson, 1999). The aesthetic motive of sport fans appeals to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the sport. Some fans enjoy sports because of the competition between highly skilled athletes. The beauty, grace, and other artistic characteristics make some people enjoy sporting events (Milne McDonald, 1999 Wann, 1995).The psychological motive is a factor that motivates s ports fans and gives them a feeling of accomplishment and achievement when the fans favorite team or fraud is successful. Sports fans tend to associate themselves with a successful team or player in read to create and sustain a positive self-concept (Branscombe Wann, 1991 Milne McDonald, 1999 Sloan, 1989). Amotivation refers to the state of lacking an intention to act. When amotivated, individuals action lacks intentionality and a sense of personal causation (Ryan Deci, 2000).Amotivation results from not valuing an activity (Ryan, 1995), not feeling competent to do it (Deci, 1975), or not believing it will yield a desired outcome (Seligman, 1975). Some individuals might go to sport events and watch sport games because they have nothing else to do, bored, and want to kill time. These types of reasons had been neglected in previous studies of sport fan motivation. As mentioned earlier, prior research has examined the relationship between fan motivations and other variables such a s sport involvement, team identification, and some demographic factors of selected sport fans.However, the ethnic identity of sport fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some researchers that the race factor is enough representation of an individuals ethnic background. It is, however, only part of the concept. Ethnic identity is defined as a process of coming to terms with ones ethnic-racial membership group as a salient reference group (Smith, 1991, p. 182). Smith (1991) defined an ethnic group as a reference group called upon by people who share a common history and finale (p. 181).According to Gordon (1985), culture influences our social standards, values, cognitions, social perceptions, attributions, feelings, and sources of motivation. Individuals develop their ethnic identity through their social interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to view themselves as others view them 4 (Stryker, 1980). Ethnic identity is viewed as part of social identity and it was defined by Tajfel (1981) as that part of an individuals self-concept which derives from his knowledge of his membership of a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional entailment attached to that membership (p.255).An ethnic group is composed of a number of individuals who share a sense of group identity based on their unique culture, which include values, morals, and various customs, as well as shared origins. In the larger society, ethnic groups tend to maintain a sense of peoplehood (Dublin, 1996 Kornblum Janowitz, 1974 Portes, 1996). Forty years ago, Tumin (1964) defined an ethnic group as a social group which, within a large heathenish and social system, claims or is accorded special status in terms of complexness of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit (p.123).Distinguishing between ethnic groups is not always simple. Some ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, may have obvious visible differences that set them apart from other ethnic groups within the United States, but many biracial individuals present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more ethnic groups, which makes ethnicity a subjective construct (Root, 1992). Studying ethnic identity is very important because it is the foundation for what an individual believes about himself or herself.Given the significance of ethnic identity, many researchers have been studying this construct. Phinney (1990) reviewed 70 studies of ethnic identity published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the studies have used one of third theoretical frameworks to examine ethnic identity. The first framework is the social identity possibility which ethnic identity is considered a component of social identity. Social theory refers to the need for an individual to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept.The second framework is the acculturation prospective. The concept of acculturation refers to changes in the cultural attitudes, value, and behaviors that result from interactions between two distinct cultures (Berry, Trimble, Olmedo, 1986). These kinds of changes are normally the concern of a group of individuals, and how it relates to the paramount or host society. Ethnic identity can be an position of acculturation in which the focus is on the individuals and how they relate to their own group as a subgroup of the larger society (Phinney, 1990).The third framework is developmental framework, where ethnic identity is viewed as a process by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson (1968) indicated that identity is the outcome of a period of exploration and experimentation that normally takes place during adolescence and foregos to a decision of commitment in various areas, such as occupation, and religion. This view of ethnic identity aims age as a factor is strongly related to developing ones ethnic identity (Phinney, 19 90). Phinney (1990) mentioned that most studies have focused on certain components of ethnic identity.These components include self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to the group, attitudes about ones group membership, and ethnic involvement (social liaison, cultural practices and attitudes). Self-identification represents the ethnic label that one uses for oneself. The ability of children to label themselves with the right ethnic group was the addressed in a study by Aboud (187). Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and poor self-concept (Cross, 1978). Adults are pass judgment to know their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to use for himself or herself.However, some ethnic groups have a little choice in what ethnic title they can use for themselves often because of their characteristic skin color or culture (language, dresses, customs, etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally, some individuals have two or more ethnic backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Ethnic self-identification is an important but complex component of ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). The feeling of belonging to ones own group is an important element of ethnic identity.Some researchers have tried to assess the sense of belonging by either asking people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups (Driedger, 1976). Members of every ethnic group can have positive or negative attitudes toward their own group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasure, satisfaction, and contentment with ones group (Phinney, 1990). Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction, displeasure, discontentment, and a desire to hide ones identity (Driedger, 1976).People who display no positive attitudes or express negative attitudes can be seen as denying their ethnic identity (Phinney, 1990). In addition, the involvement in the social life and cultural practices of ones ethnic group is considered a strong indicator of ones ethnic identity. The social and cultural practices 6 that represent the involvement component include language, friendship, social organizations, religion, cultural traditions, and politics (Phinney, 1990). Phinney (1992) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) with the purpose of assessing ethnic identity among various ethnic groups.The scale was designed to measure three components of ethnic identity affirmation and belonging, ethnic identity achievement, and ethnic behaviors. Roberts, Phinney, Masse, Chen, Roberts, and Romero (1999) examined the validity of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a large sample. The outcomes suggest that the scale measures two components of ethnic identity ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging, and commitment. Ethnic identity search refers to a developmental and cognitive component. Affirmation, belonging, and co mmitment represent the shanghaiive component.However, the scale has been proven to be a valid and reliable measurement and it will be used in the context of this study. More discussion of the scale is provided in the method component. Researchers have indicated that positive relationships do exist between ethnic identity and self-esteem, self-concept, psychological well-being, achievement, and satisfaction (Phinney, 1992 Roberts et al. , 1999 Delworth, 1989). However, it is the purpose of this study to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans.According to Phinney (1990) some studies have used sport as a cultural item to measure ethnic identity. Pons, Laroche, Nyeck, and Perreault (2001) indicated that the choice of a particular sporting event represents a strong cultural meaning for the individual. Some ethnic groups tend to identify with a specific sport, for example, soccer in the Italian community and hockey among the French Canadian. Pons et al. , (2001) stated ethnic groups do not all react to sporting events in the same way they differ in the means and the pace of their integration into the host culture (p.238).African American consumers tend to attend historically black college/university sports more frequently than they did any other sport. The level of ethnic identification of African American fans has significant affect on their attendance frequence to historically menacing college/university sports (Armstrong, 2002). Moreover, previous studies showed differences in motivation between African American and European American sport fans based on ethnicity (Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn, Gambouras, 1999 Bilyeu Wann, 2002 Armstrong, 2002). 7Therefore, it is expected that there is a relationship between sport fans motivation and ethnic identity. Research Hypotheses H1 Ethnic identity is positively related to sport fan motivations. H2 There is a difference between African American and European American in their e thnic identity. Operational Definitions Ethnic Identity part of an individuals self-concept that derives from his or her knowledge of membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership (Phinney, 1992, p.156).Sport fan refers to someone who is enthusiastic about a particular sport team or athlete (Wann, 1995). Sport fan motivation refers to the reasons that drive individuals to support sport teams, be loyal to them, buy team/sport related products, watch and attend sporting events. Delimitations This study is delimitated to 1. Investigate the ethnic identity and motivations of sport fans in general. For that reason, no specific group of fans (i. e. , basketball fans, football fans) was examined. 2.The student at Florida State University (FSU) and Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University (FAMU), therefore, the findings cannot be generalized to populations other than the population from which the sample was drawn . 8 Limitations This study is limited to the following 1. The outcome of this study depends on the participants honesty and cooperation in answering the questions. 2. Due to the nature of this study as self-administrated surveys, the researchers access is limited to the classes gained via permission to attend and meet. Assumptions This study is based on the following assumptions 1.The surveys used in this study are clear and graspable for the participants. 2. The participants will answer the questions honestly and accurately. 3. The surveys are valid and reliable. Significance of the Study The sport marketers are in a high competition within the sport industry and also with outside competitors. Young generations are attracted through technology to new types of entertainment such as computer/video games and the X-Games. These new entertainment options have already attracted a significant amount of attention from the so -called X-generation (Kwon Trail, 2003, p. 1).Therefore, sport marketers should be concern about the future of the sport industry. In order for sport marketers to maintain their consumer base and to attract young generation, they should explore and examine the consuming behavior of sport fans and the factors that might influence their behavior. According to Gramann and Allison (1999), the increase in the ethnic diversity of North America is one of the most powerful demographic forces shaping U. S. and Canadian society (p. 283). Therefore, studying ethnic identity as an important social characteristic of sport fans is important to sport marketers.The importance of studying ethnic groups among sport fans is reflected by the increasing percentage of minority participation in professional sport, especially African American. African American athletes represent 25 to 75 percent of athletes on the rosters for the three popular sports (baseball, basketball, football) (Gano-Overway Duda, 2001). 9 The goal of this study was to introduce a new measure of fan motivation which will assist practitioners in the sport industry to understanding the driving factors for sport fans to attend sporting events, support sport teams, or buy team/sport related products.Also, the relationship between motivations and ethnic identity of sport fans was examined. The outcome of the study should provide practitioners with valuable information to assist them in understanding the various motives of sport fans based on their ethnic identity. Therefore, sport marketers should be able to improve their plans and strategies to maintain their fan base and fulfill the desires for their target market. 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on ethnic identity and motivation of sport fans.It should be noted that to date, no research has combined and analyzed the interaction of the two identified variables. As such, the first section of this chapter focuses on the research that has been done on the ethnic identity o f sport fans. The second section discusses motives of sport fans as well as scales that have been used to assess these motives. Ethnic Identity and Sport Fans Ethnicity as social and cultural characteristic of sport fans has been ignored in the literature although the race factor, which is the physical aspect of ethnicity, has been utilized for comparison between ethnic groups.However, Armstrong (2002) examined the influence of ethnic identification on Black consumers attendance at historically Black college/university (HBCU) sports. To assess ethnic identification, Armstrong used a self-report measure in which participants were asked to identify their ethnic group based on ethnic categories (Black/African American, Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian, and other) and to rate the intensity of their identification with their ethnic group on a scale from 1 (weak) to 5 (very strong).The hypothesis was that the identification of Black consumers with their ethnic group would have a significant inf luence on their attendance frequency at HBCU sport events. The findings offered support for the hypothesis indicating a positive relationship between ethnic identification and attendance frequency. In another study, Armstrong (2000) examined the influence of ethnic identification on African American students processing of persuasive sport communications (i. e. , advertisement, promotional messages, developmental campaigns, and announcements).The ethnic identification of the respondents was measured using a 13-item scale developed by Whittler, Calatone, and Young (1991). The scale assesses two major factors of ethnic identification (cross-race attraction and semipolitical and social 11 relations among Blacks). The outcome of the study revealed that ethnic identification has an effect on participants reaction to racial heuristics in the communication. African American consumers are more likely to have a positive reaction to a persuasive communication if the message were culturally re levant and delivered by a Black spokesperson. Pons et al.(2001) looked at the impact ethnic identity could have on the consumption behavior and orientation of sport consumers. They measured language (3 items), religion (3 items), and social participation with ones own ethnic group (6 items) as three dimensions of ethnic identity. The orientation of sport consumers has three dimensions. The first dimension refers to sporting events as a provider of sensations in which consumers have an emotional attachment to the event or the product. The second dimension represents individuals need to understand the sporting event, which lead to better appreciation for the event.The third dimension of orientation toward sporting event refers to the socialization opportunities presented for sport consumers. The consumption behaviors include purchase of sporting good, tickets, and time devoted to sporting events. The results offered support for the idea that ethnic identity has a positive impact on th e consumption and orientation of sport consumers. In regard to the race of sport consumers as part of their ethnicity, researchers have found a difference between Blacks and Whites concerning their sport involvement (Spreitzer Snyder, 1990).Sport involvement included seven dimensions watching sports on television, listening to sport on the radio, reading the sport pages of the newspaper, watching/listening to sports news on radio/television, reading sports books, reading sports magazines, and talking about sports with friends (Spreitzer Snyder, 1990, p. 51). The findings revealed significant effect of race on sport involvement regardless of respondents social background characteristics (i. e. , age, sex, education, income, town size).Blacks tend to be more involved in sport than Whites. The authors argued that the findings reflect a distinctive subculture within the black community. Rudman (1986) examined the relationship between race, social structure, and sport orientations. Th e main goal of the study was to see whether factors that affect sport orientations are race-dependant. The results showed Blacks to be more likely than Whites to become vicariously involved in sport outcomes and to incorporate sport into their daily 12 lives. base on the overall analyses, the author argued that social and economic conditions provide a better explanation of differences in sport orientations. He used the term culture of poverty to indicate that socioeconomic positions are more likely to make boor blacks and boor whites see sport as an opportunity to enhance social prestige and economic position. At the college level, Armstrong (2001) examined ethnic minority students consumption of college sport events. The ethnic minorities included African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Others.She looked at the degree of ethnic minority students interest in sport spectating, the frequency in which they attend university sponsored sport events, and the factors that influence their decision to attend campus sport events. Eight factors were tested to see their influence on the students attendance. The factors are the price of the tickets, academic commitment, significant others, friends, watching the event on television, the option to spend money on other things, not knowing when tickets are available, the quality of the opponent.The factors identified had no significant influence on students attendance. The findings indicate that ethnic minority students generally had a favorable attitude towards sport spectating. However, about 44% of the student stated that they never attend a campus sport event, 41% stated that they seldom attended, and 15% have attended often. The author contended that minority students had a favorable attitude toward sport spectating but they never or seldom attend sport events on campus because they view these events as directed to a specific group (i.e. , dominant ethnic group).For minority students to be motivated to attend, the sport event has to be socially and culturally relevant to the students ethnic background. In professional sport, Zhang, Pease, Hui, Michaud (1995) and Zhang, Pease, Smith, Lee, Lam, Jambor (1997) indicated that factors such as game promotions, amenities, and schedule convenience influenced ethnic minorities attendance differently and more significantly than they did Whites.Therefore, sport marketers should emphasize the sociocultural factors (i. e., offer different ethnic foods at the concession stands, playing different ethnic music, making announcement in different languages) in promoting sport consumption of ethnic minority consumers (Armstrong, 2001 Hofacre Burman, 1992 McCarthy Stillman, 1998). 13 In a direct connection to the current investigation, previous studies have found differences on the motivations of sport fans based on ethnicity. Wann, Bilyeu, Brennan, Osborn, Gambouras (1999) investigated the relationship between sport fans motivation and race. A sample of 65 Euro- Americans and 32 African Americans completed the Sport Fan Motivation Scale (SFMS).The SFMS, developed by Wann (1995), includes eight motivational factors (eustress, self-esteem benefit, diversion from everyday life, entertainment value, economic value, aesthetic value, need for affiliation, and family needs). The findings indicated that Euro-Americans reported higher motivation than African Americans. The authors argued that certain motives might be applicable to only a subset of races. In a recent study, Bilyeu and Wann (2002) examined the racial differences in sport fan motivation between African Americans and European Americans.First, 50 African American participants completed a demographic questionnaire and an interview with the researcher to discuss their motives for being a sport fan. Second, the motives discovered from the interviews were sent to African American psychologists and sociologists for validation. Third, the new motives were added to the SFMS, then the African Am erican and European American participants were asked to complete the SFMS.The findings suggested that three new factors be added to the SFMS representation (e. g. , people of the same background), semblance (e. g., people they have things in common with), and support/perceived greater equality (e. g. , people they want to succeed) (Bilyeu Wann, 2002, p. 93). Armstrong (2002) indicated that previous investigations of motivation for sport consumption were not applicable to Black consumers because the samples used in these investigations were predominantly White. Therefore, she added a cultural affiliation motive to the SFMS, developed by Wann (1995), and administered it to a sample of only Black consumers of sport. The findings supported the hypotheses that cultural affiliation is a viable motive for Blacks sport consumption.In addition, the factor structure of the SFMS with the inclusion of the cultural affiliation motive differed from previous studies (Wann, 1995 Wann, Schrader, Wilson, 1999). Therefore, the Black Consumer Sport Motivation Scale (BCSMS) was introduced including the following factors eustress, group recreation, aesthetics, cultural affiliation, group entertainment, escape, and 14 personal (economic/psychological) investment. At the conclusion of the study, the author stated, behaviors and motives related to sport consumption may also be influenced by the social and psychological manifestations of culture (Armstrong, 2002, p.329).In summary, although research on ethnic identity for sport fans is very limited, a strong relationship was found between sport consumers ethnic identity and sport consumption and orientation. Also, the differences found on the motivations for sport fans based on ethnicity, should indicate a strong relationship between sport fans motivation and ethnic identity. However, it is the goal of this investigation to examine this relationship.