Beowulf and Gilgamesh are Epic Heroes But the Seafarer isn’t and Here’s Why

In the accounts â€Å"Beowulf† and â€Å"The Head of Humbaba,† the principle characters mirror the depictions of a â€Å"epic hero†. Anyway in the story, â€Å"The Seafarer,† the principle character doesn't mirror any depictions of a â€Å"epic legend. † Beowulf and Gilgamesh fit the portrayal since the two of them go on a journey and have the comparable inspirations of an epic legend. The Seafarer, conversely, had an alternate inspiration and an altogether unique journey. Beowulf and Gilgamesh have ventures that fit the customary epic legend. In Beowulf’s story, his excursion comprised of murdering beasts. He executed Grendel who threatened Herot. â€Å"Beowulf, a sovereign of the Geats, had murdered Grendel†¦from the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster’s arm, hook and shoulder what not. † (â€Å"Beowulf† Lines 510-517). Gilgamesh’s story additionally included killing enormous devils. He slaughtered Humbaba, the watchman of the woodland. †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he raised his hatchet up higher and swung it in an ideal bend into Humbaba’s neck. (â€Å"The Head of Humbaba† Lines 46-48) Gilgamesh and Beowulf additionally had comparative inspirations that fit a â€Å"epic saint. † Beowulf executed Grendel to take care of the obligation to Herot in view of his dad. Gilgamesh incited and executed Humbaba so he’d likewise be will known. The two reasons fit the portrayals for an epic saint. Conversely, the Seafarer doesn’t fit a â€Å"epic hero† on the grounds that his excursion and inspiration doesn’t relate. The Seafarer’s venture was to just venture to every part of the ocean. His inspiration was to make harmony with God. Neither of those activities makes the Seafarer and â€Å"epic saint. † Beowulf and Gilgamesh are epic legends in light of the fact that their excursion and inspirations fit what an epic saint rely on. The two of them battled beasts and both their inspiration fit an epic saint. The sailor isn’t an epic saint since his excursion and inspiration doesn’t relate to one. He didn’t achieve a lot and his inspiration didn’t fit an epic saint.

Sociology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human science - Research Paper Example This paper examinations the estimation of religion in our public activity. Despite the fact that, the maker has not made any religions on the planet, he has enabled to mankind in isolating great and abhorrence. This capacity shifts with people and thus they began to decipher things contrastingly which brought about the development of various convictions lastly various religions on the planet. One of the regular components of the considerable number of religions is that every one of them work for the protection of good qualities or moral standards. No religion, either accept or advocate shameless things. In this manner, for continuing great qualities in the general public all religions assume a significant job. All the religions have a love place; for Christians, it is church, for Muslims, Mosques are utilized for revering god, Hindus utilizes sanctuaries while the Jews use Synagogues as their love places. One of the normal components of these spots is that every one of these substances are places where part of individuals gather for the love exercises. It is where all the individuals amass for a similar goal; revering. Colossal mingling is occurring in these sorts of spots which fortify the social holding between the individuals. â€Å"Socialization is the procedure by which kids and grown-ups gain from others. We start gaining from others during the beginning of life; and a great many people proceed with their social learning all through life†(What is the socialization procedure?) It gives the individual the abilities and propensities fundamental for driving a fruitful public activity. A general public capacities through shared standards, mentalities, values, thought processes, social jobs, images and dialects. Family, school, companionship, religion or love places and so on are a portion of the significant mingling specialists in the general public. I have a place with a Christian, people group and I can securely say that my religion has assumed a significant job in forming my character and perspectives identified with profound quality

Essay Writing - How to Write an Essay by Using an Outline

Essay Writing - How to Write an Essay by Using an OutlineIn a competitive environment, your essay needs to have a kick start. That is what this tip will provide you with. It is about outlining your work and presenting it in the most effective way possible. That means that you should use a good outline.Before writing your essay, you should begin with an outline. Make sure you read about the different types of outlines and how to write them before you begin writing. You will also need to know how to write an outline correctly.First, you need to determine the main topics of your essay. It is important that you always write a list of topics. Once you have listed your topics, you should be able to use section headings to keep things orderly.You will need to decide what type of essay you want to write. There are two main types, which are narrative essays and analytical essays. You should choose the type of essay that fits best with your topic.The best way to outline an entire essay is to s tart at the beginning. This is your introduction, and you need to tell your readers what your essay is about. It is also important that you define your topic for your essay.Next, you need to come up with three main topics of your essay. You should be able to include several other smaller topics as well. This is where your theme will come in.After you have decided on the main topic of your essay, you need to come up with a few supporting characters. Each supporting character should be defined and present a new point of view. This is how your essay will come alive.Finally, you need to organize your entire essay into sections. Start at the end and then go through each topic and characters in order. You should be able to pull everything together into one coherent article.

Hassium Facts - Hs or Element 108

Hassium Facts - Hs or Element 108 Component nuclear number 108 is hassium, which has the component image Hs. Hassium is one of the artificial or manufactured radioactive components. Just around 100 particles of this component have been delivered so there isn't a ton of exploratory information for it. Properties are anticipated dependent on the conduct of different components in a similar component gathering. Hassium is relied upon to be a metallic silver or dark metal at room temperature, much like the component osmium. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9fjzf31rUXrKZQzyXhyuYx0G3xU=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/radioactive-cautioning sign-73096487-5b8ab053c9e77c0025b81cb6.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5D-AbmXkf22Rm2RmVK5jA6rNjT0=/1479x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/radioactive-cautioning sign-73096487-5b8ab053c9e77c0025b81cb6.jpg 1479w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/v1-PAuRVvWm6D71b4hbqrVYTpJc=/2658x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/radioactive-cautioning sign-73096487-5b8ab053c9e77c0025b81cb6.jpg 2658w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/r3Bf9YaGTCwsEMj4pFgiPNLdYhI=/5018x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/radioactive-cautioning sign-73096487-5b8ab053c9e77c0025b81cb6.jpg 5018w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/F7n_aGZOQYW40_gPJjxZDwRD_VA=/5018x3345/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/radioactive-cautioning sign-73096487-5b8ab053c9e77c0025b81cb6.jpg src=//:0 alt=All of the isotopes of hassium are radioactive. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-2 information following container=true /> The entirety of the isotopes of hassium are radioactive. Martin Diebel/Getty Images Here are intriguing realities about this uncommon metal: Discovery: Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Munzenber and associates delivered hassium at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984. The GSI group shelled a lead-208 objective with iron-58 cores. Be that as it may, Russian researchers had endeavored to blend hassium in 1978 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Their underlying information was uncertain, so they rehashed the tests five years after the fact, creating Hs-270, Hs-264, and Hs-263. Component Name: Before its official revelation, hassium was alluded to as component 108, eka-osmium or unniloctium. Hassium was the subject of a naming discussion over which group ought to be given authority acknowledgment for finding component 108. The 1992 IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) perceived the GSI group, expressing that their work was progressively nitty gritty. Diminish Armbruster and his partners proposed the name hassium from the Latin Hassias meaning Hess or Hesse, the German state, where this component was first created. In 1994, an IUPAC board of trustees suggested making the components name hahnium (Hn) to pay tribute to the German physicist Otto Hahn. This was in spite of the show of permitting the finding group the option to propose a name. The German pioneers and the American Chemical Society (ACS) fought the name change and the IUPAC at long last permitted component 108 to be formally named hassium (Hs) in 1997. Nuclear Number:â 108 Symbol: Hs Nuclear Weight:â [269] Gathering: Group 8, d-square component, change metal Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2â 5f14â 6d6 Appearance: Hassium is accepted to be a thick strong metal at room temperature and weight. In the event that enough of the component were delivered, it is normal it would have a gleaming, metallic appearance. Its conceivable hassium could be much more thick than the heaviest known component, osmium. The anticipated thickness of hassium isâ 41â g/cm3. Properties: Its probable hassium responds with oxygen in air to frame an unstable tetraoxide. Adhering to intermittent law, hassium ought to be the heaviest component in bunch 8 of the occasional table. It is anticipated that hassium has a high liquefying point, takes shape in the hexagonal close-stuffed structure (hcp), and has a mass modulus (protection from pressure) comparable to jewel (442 GPa). Contrasts among hassium and its homologue osmium would probably be because of relativistic impacts. Sources: Hassium was first incorporated by assaulting lead-208 with iron-58 cores. Just 3 particles of hassium were created as of now. In 1968, Russian researcher Victor Cherdyntsev professed to have found normally happening hassium in an example ofâ molybdenite, yet this was not checked. Until this point, hassium has not been found in nature. The short half-existences of the known isotopes of hassium mean no early stage hassium could have made due to the current day. In any case, its still conceivable atomic isomers or isotopes with longer half-lives may be found in follow amounts. Component Classification: Hassium is a progress metal thatâ is expected to have properties like those of the platinum gathering of change metals. Like different components in this gathering, hassium is relied upon to have oxidation conditions of 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. The 8, 6, 4, and 2 states will probably be the most steady, in light of the components electron setup. Isotopes:â 12 isotopes of hassium are known, from massesâ 263 to 277. Every one of them are radioactive. The most steady isotope is Hs-269, which has a half-existence of 9.7 seconds. Hs-270 is quite compelling on the grounds that it has enchantment number of atomic strength. The nuclear number 108 is a proton enchantment number for twisted (nonspherical) cores, while 162 is a neutron enchantment number for disfigured cores. This doubly enchantment core has a low rot vitality contrasted and other hassium isotopes. More research is expected to decide if Hs-270 is an isotope in the proposed island of soundness. Wellbeing Effects: While the platinum bunch metals tend not to be especially poisonous, hassium presents a wellbeing hazard on account of its huge radioactivity. Uses: At present, hassium is just utilized for look into. Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 215â€7. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future components. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (third ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer ScienceBusiness Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.Names and images of transfermium components (IUPAC Recommendations 1994). Pure and Applied Chemistryâ 66â (12): 2419. 1994.Mà ¼nzenberg, G.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; et al. (1984). The recognizable proof of component 108 (PDF). Zeitschrift fã ¼r Physik A. 317 (2): 235â€236. doi:10.1007/BF01421260Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Ter-Akopian, G. M.; Pleve, A. An.; et al. (1978). Оð ¿Ã±â€¹Ã±â€šÃ±â€¹ Ð ¿Ã° ¾ Ã' Ã° ¸Ã° ½Ã±â€šÃ° µÃ° ·Ã±Æ' 108 Ã' Ã° »Ã° µÃ° ¼Ã° µÃ° ½Ã±â€šÃ° ° Ð ² Ã'€ð µÃ° °Ã° ºÃ±â€ Ã° ¸Ã° ¸ [Experiments on the combination of component 108 in the 226Ra48Ca reaction] (in Russian). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research.

Financial Ratio Analysis Financial Business Performance

Question: Examine about the Financial Ratio Analysis for Financial Business Performance. Answer: Presentation Money related proportions examination assists with interpretting the budgetary presentation of the organization for the period and contrast it and execution of different organizations. Counts and clarification to proportions Proportion Calculation Proportions Equation 2015 A Gainfulness 1 Net Profit Ratio Net Profit/Revenue Telstra 16.37% TPG 17.62% Vocus 13.42% 2 Net Profit Net Profit/Revenue Telstra 73% TPG 100% Vocus 100% 3 Profit for Equity Net Profit/Equity Telstra 30.00% TPG 22.33% Vocus 10.20% B Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities Telstra 0.86 TPG 0.98 Vocus 1.02 2 Snappy Ratio Snappy Assets/Current Liabilities Telstra 0.75 TPG 0.93 Vocus 0.95 3 Money Ratio Money and Cash Equivalent/Current Liabilities Telstra 0.17 TPG 0.68 Vocus 0.38 C Capital Structure 1 Obligation Equity Ratio Obligation/Equity Telstra 1.29 TPG 0.39 Vocus 0.74 2 Obligation Ratio Obligation/Total Assets Telstra 0.45 TPG 0.24 Vocus 0.38 3 Intrigue Coverage Ratio Income/Finance Cost Telstra 30.55 TPG 60.52 Vocus 24.83 D Movement Ratios 1 Records Receivable Turnover Turnover/Accounts Receivable Telstra 5.47 TPG 19.86 Vocus 6.48 2 Fixed Asset Turnover Turnover/Fixed Asset Telstra 0.77 TPG 0.91 Vocus 0.44 3 Deals to stock Turnover Turnover/Inventory Telstra 52.64 TPG 211.83 Vocus (Yearly Report 2015: Telstra, TPG and Vocus) On deciphering the above table of proportion examination following ends has been drawn for each sort of proportions: Liquidity Analysis: On taking a gander at the present proportion and fast proportion of Telstra it tends to be said that organization has poor dissolvability position as contrast with TPG and Vocus. Telstra likewise neglects to keep adequate money and money reciprocals to pay the liabilities and then again both TPG and Vocus keep adequate money and money counterparts to render the installment of liabilities easily (Mumba, 2013). Productivity Analysis: Net benefit proportion shows that TPG has best net benefit proportion as contrast with Telstra and Vocus. It tends to be said that Telstra has earned adequate net benefit in year 2015 to win 30% profit for value, which is most noteworthy among all the organizations. Capital Structure: On taking a gander at the capital arrangement of all Telstra and its rivals, it has been discovered that Telstra depends for the most part on obligation capital as contrast with value capital. Investigation shows that capital structure of TPG just as Vocus is sound as contrast with Telstra (Bull, 2007). Movement Ratio: It can be said that Telstra neglects to utilize the benefits according to their proficiency since all the action proportions are not great for Telstra as they are profoundly low as contrast with contenders (Houston and Brigham, 2009). Suggestion It has been energetically prescribed to the financial specialists that they don't put resources into the Telstra because of its horrible showing in year 2015. End Understanding shows that money related execution of Telstra was exceptionally frail as contrast with their primary rivals. Aside from the contender investigation it tends to be said that organization execution was better as contrast with earlier year. References Yearly Report 2015. Telstra. [Online]. Yearly Report 2015. TPG. [Online]. Yearly Report 2015. Vocus. [Online]. Bull, R. 2007. Money related Ratios: How to utilize budgetary proportions to boost worth and accomplishment for your business'. UK: Elsevier. Houston, J.F. what's more, Brigham, E.F. 2009. Essentials of Financial Management. Cengage Learning. Mumba, C. 2013. Getting Accounting and Finance: Theory and Practice. USA: Trafford Publishing.

Essay Topics For the Rocking Horse Winner

Essay Topics For the Rocking Horse WinnerThe question: What essay topics for the rocking horse winner need to be included in your essay? Here are some good answers: Social Justice, How I Found Myself In Your House, I Have A Plan, I Have The Name Of My Game; Stories, Ways To Success; And finally, Sometimes It's All About Me. There is also a video on the same topic by Kelli Redding, which should be watched carefully.First, you have to understand that writing should not be like playing the guitar or any other instrument. You cannot just copy someone else's ideas and then reinvent them as your own. That kind of plagiarism is against the law, and when you are caught it can cost you your job or worse. You have to remember that what you write on paper has to reflect the ideas that are in your head.Second, the content of your essay topics for the rocking horse winner should never be about you. This is not an excuse to spend hours of research on something that could be found at Wikipedia. The point is to provide examples and proof that your essay topics for the rocking horse winner are well researched and do not contain many typos or false information.Third, the topic of your essay topics for the rocking horse winner should always provide examples that demonstrate why you are the best person for the job. This is where the real work begins.Fourth, if your topic is Social Justice, your essay topics for the rocking horse winner should include why you are the best person to get into social services for the poor. This could include how you volunteer for Habitat for Humanity, or how you helped poor people in Cambodia. Also, if your topic is, I Have A Plan, this could include the steps you take to set up your life and your future. They will become a plan in action, and they will become your plan to succeed.Fifth, Your essay topics for the rocking horse winner should contain stories of your success that will make them want to join you in your life of success. They should know t hat by choosing you they are choosing to become successful, and therefore have the ability to help others.Sixth, There is nothing better than a story of hard work. Any successful person, whether they are an athlete an artist, or even one of the members of the Rolling Stones, will tell you a story. The point is, it is important to remember that a story is a powerful tool in getting people to see things from another's perspective.Your essay topics for the rocking horse winner should give examples of success. This is the most important part of the whole process. It is easier to show an example than it is to explain what you are doing, so this is how you must start writing.

Visual Function Dementia - Health Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that memory impairment and visual dysfunction are clearly linked in dementia, and that special testing for visual dysfunction can improve the early diagnosis and treatment of dementia. Visual function is divided in terms of anatomic, functional and cognitive areas respectively. Under normal circumstances these functions perform seamlessly together to produce a visual reality of what we call the external world. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia and past research into this area has shown that sufferers show visual deficits in several key areas. Namely contrast sensitivity, motion, colour, depth perception as well as visual hallucinations. Thus by approaching the patient in a appropriate manor with regards to dementia, clinical professionals can detect visual dysfunction and memory impairment whilst also providing a vital role in secondary and tertiary preventative measures. Furthermore clinical professionals can provide aid in the treatment of dementia linked visual disorders. With current demographic trends, dementia is becoming increasingly prevalent due in the ageing population. Consequently there is an increased need for practitioners to have a sound knowledge of such dementia conditions. Improving the sufferers quality of life should be the practitioners main concern. By providing thorough treatments and suggestions on patient tailored environmental modifications th is can be achieved. (1) Introduction Dementia is a loss of mental function in two or more areas such as language, memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgment severe enough to interfere with daily life1. Dementia is not a disease itself, sufferers show a broader set of symptoms that accompany certain diseases or physical conditions1. Well known diseases that cause dementia include Alzheimers disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and multi-infarct dementia1. Dementia is an acquired and progressive problem that affects cognitive functions, behavior, thinking processes and the ability to carry out normal activities. Vision is one of the most important primary senses, therefore serious or complete sight loss has a major impact on a individuals ability to communicate effectively and function independently. Individuals who suffer from both dementia and serious vision loss will inevitably be subject to profound emotional, practical, psychological and financial problems. These factors will also influence others around th e sufferer and will extend to the family and the greater society. As we get older both dementia and visual problems inevitably become much more prevalent. Current demographic trends show the increase of the number of very old in our population. Therefore it is inevitable that dementia and serious sight loss either alone or together, will have important consequences for all of us1. The vast majority of people are aware that dementia affects the memory. However it is the impact it has on the ability to carry out daily tasks and problems with behavior that cause particular problems, and in severe cases can lead to institutionalization. In the primary stages of dementia, the patient can be helped by friends and family through ‘reminders. As progression occurs the individual will loose the skills needed for everyday tasks and may eventually fail to recognize family members, a condition known as prospagnosia. The result of such progression is that the individual becomes totally d ependent on others. Dementia not only affects the lives of the individual, but also the family2. Dementia can present itself in varying forms. The most common form of dementia in the old is Alzheimers disease, affecting millions of people. It is a degenerative condition that attacks the brain. Progression is gradual and at a variable rate. Symptoms of Alzheimers disease are impaired memory, thinking and changes in behaviour. Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementias linked to Parkinsons disease are responsible for around 10-20% of all dementias. Dementia with Lewy bodies is of particular interest as individuals3 with this condition not only present confusion and varying cognition, but also present symptoms of visual hallucinations2. Another common condition that causes dementia is multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia. It is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimers disease in the elderly. Multi infarct dementia is caused by multiple strokes in the brain. These series of strokes can affect some intellectual abilities, impair motor skills and also cause individuals to experience visual hallucinations. Individuals with multi infarct dementia are prone to risk factors for stroke, such as high BP, heart disease and diabetes. Multi infarct dementia cannot be treated, once nerve cells die they cannot be replaced1. In most cases the symptoms of dementia and serious sight loss develop independently. However some conditions can cause both visual and cognitive impairments, for example Down syndrome, Multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Dementia is most prevalent in the elderly, as is sight loss. Therefore it is inevitable that a number of people will present dementia together with serious sight loss. There have been many studies into the prevalence of dementia in the UK. An estimate for the prevalence of dementia in people over 75 years of age is 15% of the population2. The Alzheimers society suggest that 775,200 people in the UK suff er from dementia (figures taken 2001). The Alzheimers society also calculates that the prevalence of dementia in the 65-75 years age group is 1 in 50, for 70-80 years 1 in 20 and for over 80 years of age 1 in 5. Estimates suggest that by 2010 approximately 840,000 people will become dementia sufferers in the UK. Estimates suggest that around 40% of dementia sufferers are in residential institutions. One study from 1996 showed that dementia sufferers are 30 times more likely to live in an institution than people without dementia. At 65 years of age men are 3 times more likely than women to live in an institution and at 86 men and women are equally likely to be institutionalized4. Visual impairments are not associated general diagnostic features of dementia. However recent research has shown the change in visual function and visual processing may be relevant. Alzheimers disease patients often present problems with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo-acuity and color vision. These problems are believed to be more true of cognitive dysfunction rather than any specific problems in the eye or optic nerve9. Early diagnosis is essential to both dementia and sight loss patients, as drug treatments are becoming more and more available. Therefore maximizing the treatment and care for the individual. On the other hand early diagnosis of visual conditions is also essential, so that progression is slowed and treatment is commenced, therefore further progression is prevented if plausible2. The Mini-Mental State examination MMSE, is the most commonly used cognitive test for the diagnosis of dementia. It involves the patient to undertake tests of memory and cognition. It takes the form of a series of questions/answers and uses written, verbal and visual material. Poor vision or blindness is the most common cause of poor performance on this test other than dementia itself2. Visual deterioration can occur simultaneously with memory loss in most dementia sufferer s. Therefore early recognition of dementia through vision tests has become of importance. Table 1 shows few possible tests that might be useful for such purpose Table 1 : Vision tests for possible early detection and monitoring of Alzheimers disease Use Benton visual retention test Might be able to predict risk for AD 10-15 years before the onset of the disease Tests visual memory Contrast sensitivity AD patients have selectively reduced CS for distinguishing large objects and faces Useful field of view Tests processing speed, divided attention and selective attention Facilitates detection of â€Å"attentional dysfunction†; patients suffering from this problem complain of poor vision and inability to identify someone in a group or an object on a patterned background Could be useful to assess fitness to drive Facial recognition AD patients do not recognize faces with large features and low contrast AD patients do not recognize familiar faces (due to impaired memory) Tests that use facial expressions with progressively diminished degree of contrast The aim of this paper is to provide information about current knowledge on the topic of visual function dementia. With regards to Alzheimers disease, there will be an inclination to several main foci of research. Namely anatomical/structural changes, functional visual changes, cognitive brain changes and other changes such as the effects of diagnostic drugs on Alzheimers disease patients. (2) Alzheimers disease Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia amongst older adults. The Alzheimers research trust estimates that 700,000 individuals in the UK currently are afflicted. This number will inevitably increase exponentially in the near future with the trend of an increasingly aging UK population. Therefore it must be of the utmost of importance worldwide to have an understanding all behavioral, anatomical and physiological aspects of this disease. Alzheimers disease is a degenerative disease that attacks the brain, it begins gradually and progresses at a variable rate. Common signs are impaired thinking, memory and behavior. Health professionals and care givers agree that the memory deficit is usually the initial sign of the disease. However researchers have long known that Alzheimers disease is characterized by impairments of several additional domains, including visual function5. However these findings have not yet appeared in the diagnostic guides consulted by healthc are professionals, for example the most recent addition of the Diagnostic Statistical manual of mental disorders states that few sensory signs occur in early Alzheimers disease2. Therefore we still have a limited understanding of the true extent to which visual impairments affect Alzheimers disease sufferers. The current web site of the Alzheimers association1 and National Institute of Aging6 make no mention of the topic of sensory changes in Alzheimers disease. It has even been said that patients with Alzheimers disease report visual problems to their healthcare professionals less frequently than do healthy elderly individuals7. Nevertheless visual function is impaired in Alzheimers disease8. In terms of cognitive changes, the neuropathology of this disorder affects several other brain areas which are dedicated to processing low level visual functions, as well as higher level visual cognition and attention5.These neuropathological cognitive changes are more dominant however in the visual variant of Alzheimers disease known as posterior cortical atrophy. However visual problems are also present in the more common Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease begins when there are deposits of abnormal proteins outside nerve cells located in the brain in the form of amyloid. These are known as diffuse plaques, and the amyloid also forms the central part of further structured plaques known as senile or neurotic plaques1. Buildup of anomalous filaments of protein inside nerve cells in the brain can also take place. This protein accumulates as masses of filaments known as neurofibril tangles. Atrophy of the affected areas of the brain can also occur as well as the enlargement of the ventricles1. There is also a loss of the neuro transmitter Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine and Somatostatin. Attempts have been made to try to slow the development of the disease by replacing the neurotransmitters with cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivast igmine (excelon), galantamine (Reminyl) and memantine (Namenda)1. These drugs work by increasing the levels of transmitters between cells, which otherwise become lacking in Alzheimers disease. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE conducted a review of these drugs in March 2005 and concluded that none of these drugs provided sufficient enough advantages to the patient in order to justify their cost. They recommended against the use of such drugs in the Nhs, though the Department of Health later overturned this ruling. (3) Visual Changes in Alzheimers Patients Loss of vision is a key healthcare dilemma amongst the elderly. By the age of 65 approximately one in three people have a vision reducing eye disease. Dementia, Alzheimers disease patients and elderly patients, consequently have many visual conditions in common. Alzheimers disease impairs visual function early in the course of the disease and functional losses correlate with cognitive losses. There are several common visual functional deficits that are frequently identified in Alzheimers disease. There is evidence for deficits in Motion perception9,10 contrast sensitivity11 colour discrimination of blue short wavelength hues34 and performance on backward masking tests31.In Alzheimers disease the secondary point of damage is usually the visual association cortex and other higher cortical areas, as well as the primary visual cortex 13,14. (3.1) Some of the main changes that occur in the eye with aging include: The crystalline lens increases in thickness, therefore decreasing its transparency and elasticity; therefore there is a tendency for cataracts to appear. The conjunctiva can become thicker and wrinkled, therefore is subject to deposits such as pinguecela. The iris can atrophy, therefore pupils become constricted and their response to light becomes sluggish. The eyes ability to dark/light adapt is affected. Refractive index of the cornea decreases and it becomes less transparent. Arcus senilis can appear. The ocular globe and eyelids can shrink leading to conditions such as entropian, ectropian and trichiasis. Also while the lachrymal production is reduced the puncta lachrymalis can become stenosed and provide less drainage which gives rise to chronic watering of the eyes Anterior chamber usually becomes more shallow and the sclera more rigid, increasing the prospects of glaucoma. (3.2) Visual changes due to Alzheimers disease reported in literature are outlined below: (3.2) Anatomic Abnormal nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cells (Blanks et al, 1989); (Tsai et al, 1991); (Hedges et al, 1996 Imaging of the nerve fibre layer can be conducted via three techniques. These include Optical coherence topography (OCT), Scanning laser polarimetry and Confocal laser topography. Parisi et al16 conducted research upon the optic nerve fibre layer thickness using OCT. 17 Alzheimers disease individuals and 14 age matched healthy individuals were used. The findings of this study showed a definite relationship between the thickness of the nerve fiber layer and the prevalence of Alzheimers disease. There was a significant decrease in the nerve fiber layer thickness in Alzheimers individuals when compared to healthy age matched particpants. Macular cell loss (Blanks et al, 1990) Research has shown a definite decrease of the number of retinal ganglion cells located in the maculae of Alzheimers disease sufferers in comparison to age matched control individuals. It was found that the loss of retinal ganglion cells varied with eccentricity from the central macula17. Results obtained by Blanks et al, 1990 showed a 28% loss of neurons from retinal ganglion cells at 0-0.5mm from the foveola, 24% loss at 0.5-1.0mm and 47% loss at 1.0mm to1.5mm from the foveola. These losses of retinal ganglion cells were constantly greater than those seen in age matched healthy individuals. Supranuclear cataract (Goldstein et al, 2003) Cataract removal could improve not only the visual acuity but may be an important tool in helping those patients suffering from visual hallucinations (Chapman et al, 1999); however, no prospective study has been carried out to prove the role of vision improvement through cataract surgery on the well-being of patients suffering from AD; Exfoliation (Janciauskien and Krakau, 2001) Abnormal pupillary innervation [109-113] Glaucomatous optic nerve cupping (Bayer et al, 2002) (3.3) Functional Decreased visual acuity (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Rapid loss of visual field in patients with AD and glaucoma (Bayer and Ferrari, 2002) Visual field loss (inferior) (Trick et al, 1995) Reduced contrast sensitivity (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Abnormal colour discrimination (blue, short-wavelength hues) (Cronin-Golomb et al, 1991) Abnormal flash visual evoked potentials (VEPs) (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Delayed saccadic eye movements (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) (3.4) Cognitive Abnormal visual sustained/divided/selective attention and visual processing speed (Rizzo et al, 2000) Inability to recognize depth (Holroyd and Shepherd, 2001) Impaired face recognition (van Rhijin et al, 2004) (3.5) Other Excessive pharmacological mydriasis/miosis [109-113] These changes summed together not only diminish the quality of vision, but many of them also make the examination of the eye much more complicated. In conjunction with the general visual symptoms of aging, Alzheimers patients can also experience visual disturbances caused by the brain rather than the visual system alone. This means that they can have problems and difficulties perceiving what they see rather than how clearly they see it3. Difficulties are usually experienced in the areas mentioned earlier, namely depth, motion, color, and contrast sensitivity. Visual hallucinations are also a common problem linked to loss of vision in Alzheimers disease patients18. Another common disorder linked to patients with Alzheimers disease is a variant of motion blindness. The patient can appear to be confused and lost; the individual will see the world as a series of still frames19. Visual changes in Alzheimers disease may also be dependent upon which brain hemisphere is more severely da maged; this factor can often be overlooked. An individual with Alzheimers disease could have damage to a greater extent on their left brain hemisphere from plaques and tangles. This would therefore cause subsequent retinal changes in only the left hemi-retinas of each eye i.e. the right visual fields. The right eye visual field would be affected in the temporal side (right) and the left eye visual field would be affected nasally (right)20. When only half the retina is impacted, smaller regions of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer show losses. The left eye with affected temporal retina would show optic nerve damage in differing regions of the nerve than the right eye with nasal retinal damage20. Alzheimers patients commonly show selective degeneration of large ganglion cell axons located in the optic nerves. This suggests that there would be impairment of broadband channel visual function. Conversely studies have shown that broadband visual capabilities are not selectively imp aired in Alzheimers disease. The magnocellular and parvocellular neurons are greatly affected in Alzheimers patients, this has been proved by studies of the dorsal Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN)1. The geniculostirate projection system is split both functionally and anatomically into two sections. They include the parvocellular layers of the Lateral geniculate body and also incorporates the magnocellular layers. These systems are mainly divided in the primary visual cortex and go through further segregation in the visual association cortex. They conclude in the temporal and paritetal lobes1. The parvocellular layers contain smaller, centrally located receptive fields that account for high spatial frequencies (acuity), they also respond well to color. On the other hand these cells do not respond well to rapid motion or high flicker rates. The magnocellular cells have larger receptive fields and respond superiorly to motion and flicker. They are however comparatively insensitive to color differences. The magnocellular neurons generally show poor spatial resolution, although they seem to respond better at low luminance contrasts. To summarize the parvocellular system is superior at detecting small, slow moving, colored targets placed in the centre of the visual field. Meanwhile the magnocellular system has the ability to process rapidly moving and optically degraded stimuli across larger areas of the visual field1. The parvocellular system projects ventrally to the inferior temporal areas, which are involved in visual research, pattern recognition and visual object memory. The magnocellular system projects dorsally to the posterior parietal and superior temporal areas. These are specialized for motion information processing. The cerebral cortical areas to which the parvocelluar system projects receives virtually no vestibular afferents. Alternatively the cerebral areas to which the magnocelullar system projects receives significant vestibular and other sens ory inputs. These are believed to be involved in maintaining spatial orientation. Research shows shows that the magnocellular system is more involved in Alzheimers disease1 Oddly, many individuals experience difficulties at low spatial frequencies instead of high frequencies as in old age. This suggests that areas controlling the low spatial frequency processing in the primary visual cortex would be affected more than those for higher frequencies processing21 After neuropathilogical studies in 1997 by Hof et al were carried out on brains with visual impairments they concluded that cortical atrophy dominated on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe22. Glaucoma is also a neurodegenerative disease that has similar effects on the visual system. Lower spatial frequencies in the contrast sensitivity, deficits in the blue short wavelength color range as well as reductions in motion perception are all linked to glaucomatous patients23. When patients diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease also have glaucoma, the deterioration of vision related to glaucoma is much more rapid and progression is more aggressive than in people with glaucoma solely and not Alzheimers disease as well24.Glaucoma is different from Alzheimers disease in that it affects the visual function at the early sites of neural activity, namely, the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma destroys the afferent axons at the nerve fiber layer in the retina. This loss of axons ultimately leads to added atrophy further up the visual pathway due to decreased neuronal input. Alternatively Alzheimers disease impacts the cells that are located terminally or intermediary in the visual pathway of the brain. The result is again reduced neuronal input due to loss of nerve fibre connections and atrophy along the visual pathway. When the two diseases exist in the same individual together it can be seen that there is likely to be a greater disruption to the visual system25. One key difference between the two diseas es is that they affect the visual pathway at different points. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease starting at the beginning of the visual pathway, whereas Alzheimers disease is a degenerative process starting relatively late in the visual pathway. When the two diseases coexist then the neuronal and functional losses of vision are cumulative. (4) Optometric examination of dementia patients Dementia patients present special problems for optometrists. A standard eye test can be an audile to even the best of us. The patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment surrounded by unusual equipment, machinery and is subjected to probing questions about their medical history which will without doubt tax their already flawed memory. Dementia patients are most likely to be from the elderly. Therefore several difficulties are presented while conducting an ocular examination. The patient is required to sustain a position and has to maintain concentration throughout the testing procedures, which can be very difficult. Subjective examination requires responses from the patient, they are expected to remember and follow complex instructions given to them by the optometrist as well as make many precise discriminatory judgments in a short space of time. The multiple tasks required to be completed during the examination are often beyond dementia patients as they are limited by the disea se. Therefore it is common that patients with even a minor degree of dementia fail to provide valid answers, provide unpredictable responses to the subjective examination and retreat into an apathetic state1,2. During the visual examination of Alzheimers disease patients, several key visual problems can be detected. Moderate dementia patients will often experience problems such as topographic agnosia, alexia without agraphia, visual agnosia and prospagnosia1. Such patients often cannot describe individual components of photos and routinely fail to recognize family members. The degree to which such problems are experienced is consistent with the level of cytochrome oxidase deficits in the associated cortical area. In conjunction with these problems dementia patients often have problems with texture discrimination and blue violet discrimination1. Throughout the examination of the elderly dementia patients there are two contradictory requirements, firstly is ‘assurance. The patients responses will be delayed and the patient may feel anxious in such an unfamiliar situation. Thus constant reassurance is required and they cannot be rushed. Alternatively time constraints are important, a dementia/elderly patient is likely to have a short attention span. Consequently the two factors above much be considered and balanced. The examination must be thorough yet carried out as quickly as possible. Often when examining a dementia patient a family member of the carer must be present in order to aid the communication between optometrist and patient, for example difficulties are likely to occur when recording history and symptoms without a carer present. All factors need to be considered such as family history, medication, eye treatment and knowledge of any medical conditions and if so how long they have suffered from them. In terms of an external examination firstly, gross observations should be recorded for example does the patient have an abnormal head positi on or is there any lid tosis. Many external observations can also be detected with the aid of pupil reflexes. Upon carrying out the external examination the optometrist must be carful to explain exactly what each procedure will involve so as not to intimidate the patient. (4.1) Internal ocular health examination Internal examination of an elderly patient often presents many problems. Older patients tend to have constricted pupils and often opacities in the media such as cataract. All of which make opthalmoscopy a much more complex task for the optometrist. Patients with dementia also show poor fixation as well as lack of concentration. Pupil dilation is often used to aid external examination however many older patients can have a poor response to the insertion of mydriatic eye drops. fddfdffdg There have been many studies into the affects of diagnostic mydriatic and miotic drugs. Many studies have shown excessive mydriatic pupil response to trompicamide (a pupil dilating dr ug) in patients with Alzheimers disease when compared to control individuals26-30. On the other hand studies into the use of Miotic drops, particularly Pilocarpine have shown an increased response of pupil constriction in Alzheimers disease patients upon comparison to normal control patients. These findings suggest a defect in pupillary innervation with Alzheimers disease individuals. Studies of post mortem individuals with exaggerated mydriatic pupil responses to Tropicamide found a definte disruption to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is one of the key structures of the brain involved in the autonomic nervous system, it mediates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic pupil responses. Research by Scinto et al found amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in all individuals tested with excessive mydriatic pupil responses. The conclusion was that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is targeted early in the progression of Alzheimers disease. In terms of intrao cular pressures use of the goldman an Perkins tonometers will be limited for the elderly dementia patients, due to health and safety reasons. Sudden movements whilst carrying out pressure tests on such equipment may be dangerous. Therefore this can be overcome to a degree by the use of handheld instruments such as the pulseair. However even with the pulseair problems can still be faced with uncooperative patients. (4.2) Objective Refraction examination With uncooperative and awkward patients objective refraction through retinosopy may be difficult. Factors such as opacified media, miotic pupils, and poor fixation will influence the accuracy of the refraction. The recent introduction of hand held optometers has contributed to somewhat overcoming such problems. Instruments such as thee Nikon Retinomax are excellent for obtaining an objective refraction of the elderly patient with miotic pupils and cloudy media. When presenting the Snellen chart to a patient, the quality of th eir response will inevitably depend upon the degree of their dementia. Depending on which stage of dementia they are suffering from, responses could range from routine reading of the chart to no response at all. The later presents the optometrist with greater problems; however a visual acuity can still be measured via other techniques. (5) Treatment of Alzheimers disease Alzheimers disease is often widespread and a prevalent problem, however it is often an untreated disorder. A reason for this impairment to be overlooked could be that visual function is typically only measured in terms of visual acuity in the majority of cases, which in Alzheimers patients is often normal. However, studies have shown that up to 60% of people with Alzheimers disease show deficits in one or multiple visual areas such as depth perception, motion perception, color discrimination or contrast sensitivity9,11. Therefore detection and treatment of Alzheimers patients must include these other visual capacities and not only visual acuity tests. Correcting any deficits in refraction should not be considered unnecessary in a patient suffering from AD. Sufferers should be encouraged to wear their correction whenever necessary. In addition, as most of the patients misplace their glasses or forget about using them, caregivers should be advised to have a spare pair of glasses at a ll times. Besides correcting deficits in refraction, the eye-care provider could also use other methods to increase the quality of vision in patients suffering from AD: Use of yellow filters, lenses that selectively block specific wavelengths of light, specifically those in the short blue wavelength range have already been proved to increase reading speed and contrast sensitivity in subjects with Alzheimers disease31. Sakai et al32 found that contrast sensitivity became enhanced at all frequencies and there was a subjective enhancement in visual function reported by patients. Deficits in depth perception have accurately been demonstrated in Alzheimers individuals10,12-14,19,34. Decline in this visual capacity is even seen at the early stages of Alzheimers disease, independently of the other visual capacities14. Impaired depth perception will inevitably cause problems in performing everyday tasks10,14 eg walking, cleaning and stair climbing. Motion perception is also a common defi cit seen in Alzheimers disease35-38. Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimers take significantly longer to identify stationary objects that can be identified by motion cues41,43. A study by Rizzo et al36 found that 33% of Alzheimers patients had car accidents when put through a set of driving scenarios in a virtual simulator, compared to 0 accidents with non demented age matched participants. The decreased ability of Alzheimers patients to accurately process visual motion cues was a significant factor in avoiding accidents. Contrast sensitivity can be defined as the smallest difference in intensity that a person can resolve between an object and its immediate surround. Most elderly patients are impaired at high spatial frequencies. However Alzheimers sufferers are impaired at low spatial frequencies as well8,10,33,41,20. Problems with contrast sensitivity will have a subsequent impact on how a person with Alzheimers disease perceives their environment, and will adverse ly affect their ability to perform many everyday tasks such as dressing, washing and eating to name but a few. Contrast sensitivity problems cannot be cured or overcome by means such as optical correction through spectacles, medication or surgery. However individuals can be helped by environmental modifications. We will now go on to discuss a handful of simple environmental modifications that can be made for dementia patients in order to increase their quality of life. Firstly there are several key simple principles relating to colour and light that should always be considered when modifying a living area for a dementia individual. Table 2: Environmental modifications for dementia sufferers Color Light Use sharply contrasting color between back ground and foreground. Always have even distribution of light within a room. Use solid colors rather than stripes or multi color patterns. Good to have as much natural light as possible. Do not use ‘like colors next to each other Minimise glare Task lighting when applicable Place light behind reading or television chair to enhance vision. In the bedroom the main point of concern is not to bump into objects and not to fall out of bed. Caregivers can also find it problematic to get the patient into their bedroom at the end of the day. Enhancing the contrast of objects in the bedroom will help patients to recognize areas of their room and intern make the care givers job much easier. In order to draw the patient into a room, a common technique many institutions or caregivers use is to paint the furthest most wall in the bedroom in a contrasting color to the rest of the room. In a light colored room (magnolia) it would be advantageous to paint the far wall in a dark contrasting color such as brown. This will provide a depth cue for the patient and will encourage them to enter the bedroom. Once in the room dementia patients can often have problems locating the bed. Again this problem can be aided by a simple modification of using a bed spread that is of high contrast when compared to the surrounding walls and floor of t he room. This simple but effective modification will draw the patient towards the bed and help prevent them from tripping or stumbling over the bed. Other simple tips can be to modify appliances within the bedroom such as telephones, clocks and radios with different colored buttons to encourage independence. The bathroom is another frequently used area within the household and there are many simple modifications that can be made within this area to aid the user. Firstly placing a fixed bath mat of the same color as the floor is a simple useful modification. The matt with low contrast to the floor will decrease any depth perception problems and will aid the user when getting in and out of the bath tub. Also a fixed mat can be placed inside the bath tub, however in this case the matt should be of a contrasting color to the tub. The reasoning behind this is that the contrasting bath mat will provide an excellent depth cue for the user, who would other wise be unsure to about how dee p the floor of the bath tub is. The bathroom can also be a hazardous place for a dementia individual as there are many risks within this room especially the risk of hot water. Consequently an extremely important modification in the bathroom is to ensure all taps have different colored knobs on the hot and cold components. The colored taps will provide a color cue and help the user to distinguish between the two. The kitchen can be a hazardous place, especially for the elderly and dementia sufferers. A lot of time is spent in the kitchen within a family environment and the kitchen is often described as the heart of the home. Therefore by making a few small modifications to this area, dementia sufferers can continue to carry out everyday tasks independently. The first modification depending on the severity of dementia is to modify light switches and power sockets, this can be done by increasing there contrast in comparison to the walls so that they stand out more to encourage indep endent use. However if the power outlets pose as threat to the safety of the individual, such as in cases were the individual is a severe dementia sufferer, then covers should be used which merge the power outlets with the walls of the kitchen so as to discourage independent use. If the individual still has the ability and chooses to make their own tea, coffee or simple meals, then it is essential that any appliances used should have automatic shut off switches. These will provide an extremely valuable safety tool, especially so for individuals who live alone. The automatic switches will protect the individual from their own forgetfulness and act as a safety insurance policy. (6) Conclusion The full extent to which dementia affects the visual system is still poorly understood. Among other functions, dementia more so Alzheimers disease greatly affects contrast sensitivity, colour perception, motion perception and pupil reaction. Research has found the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the Edwinger Westphal Nucleus, a primary component of the papillary innervation system in the LGN. Many other ocular diseases such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa affect similar visual functions to Alzheimers disease, the most common form of dementia. However these originate in the eye itself. The majority of deficits in Alzheimers disease however originate in the brains higher order processing regions. Glaucoma affects components of the visual system at axon level and RP at receptor level. Through increased research and additional studies into all three ocular problems, we are beginning to understand the visual system to a much greater extent. It is evident that damage at either receptor level or higher end brain functions has consequences for the complete visual system. Interestingly all three of the diseases, Alzheimers, Glaucoma and RP show increased functional deficits involving short wavelength blue light when compared to longer wavelengths. Also all three diseases cause damage to the ganglion the ganglion cells of the retina. With regards to the practical application of research on the visual performance of dementia individuals, enhancing contrast levels seems to prolong individuals current levels of functioning, helping them to maintain their independence. Increased contrast also intern reduces the risk of injury due to falls or trips in dementia patients. A simple modification such as increased contrast within the home environment not only leads to a greater quality of life but also creates independence for the individual, while also reducing the level of care needed. The level of stress experienced by the caregiver is the primary reason for an individual with dementia to be placed into a long term care environment42,43. Older individuals who are put into the care system generally acquire more illnesses, have a poorer quality of life and by large have shorter life expectancies than those who remain out of the external care system44. Theoretically, the aim of making modifications within the homes of dementia sufferers is to delay long term care scenarios for long as possible and maintain independence. There is currently a lack of formal studies into the affects of dementia on the visual system. Details about sufferers of dementia and sight loss can generally only be found in research examining one of the two conditions. Very few papers address the actual experiences and requirements of individuals with both dementia and visual problems. However both problems are common amongst the elderly, especially those in residential and care institutions. Research, development and investment in the future will greatly help to contribute to improved care for dementia and sight loss sufferers. A better understanding of the daily lives and experiences of these people will give us a greater insight into the problems faced and will help to improve the quality of care available9. (7) References 1 Solomons H (2005) Vision and Dementia 2 Jones R (2007) Dementia and serious sight loss: occasional paper no 11. 3 http:www.alz.org/AboutAD/Statistics.htm 4 Launer LJ, et al. (1999) Rates and Risk Factors for Dementia and Alzheimers disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. Neurology, 52: 78-84. 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed4. Washington, American Psychiatric Association, 1994. 6 https://www.nia.nih.gov 7 McCormack WC et al. Symptom patterns and comorbidity in the early stages of Alzheimers disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:517-521. 8 Mendola JD et al. Prevalence of visual deficits in Alzheimers disease. Optom Vis Sci 1995;72: 155-167 9 Duffy CJ,et al. Cortical motion blindness in visuospatial AD. Neurobiol Ageing 1994:49:P52- P57. 10 Gilmore GC. et al, Motion perception and Alzheimers disease J Gerontol 1994:49 P52-P57 11 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Incomplete Achromatopsia In Alezheimers disease. Neurobiol Aging 1993:1 4:471-477. 12 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Visul Dysfuntion in Alzheimers Disease: Relaion to normal ageing Ann Neurol 1991:29:41-52 13 Pietrini P. et al, Preferential metabolic involvement of visual cortical areas in sub-type of Alzheimers disease: Clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 1996:153:1261-1268. 14 Hof PR. et al. Quantitative analysis of vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in alzheimers disease.II. Primary and secondary visual cortex. J comp Neurol 1990; 301:55-64. 15 Solomons H (1992) Examination of the elderly patient. Optician 205: 15-18]. 16 58 Parisi V. et al, Moprphalogical and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimers disease patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112;1860-1867 17 61 Blanks JC. et al, Retinal degeneration in the macula of patients with Alzheimerss disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;64:44-46. 18 Chapman F, et al. (1999) Association between hallucinations, visual acuity specific eye pathology in Alzheimers disease treatment implications A MJ, Psychiatry 156:1983-5. 19 Tetewsky SJ and Duffy CJ (1999) Visual loss and getting lost in Alzheimers disease. Neurology 52: 958-965.] 20 Neargarder SA. et al: The impact of acuity on the performance of four clinical measures of contrast sensitivity in Alzheimers disease. J Geronto B Psychol sci soc sci 2003:58:54-62 21 Wong-Riley M. et al (1997) Cytchrome oxidase in Alzheimerz disease: Biochemical, historical, and immunohistochemical analysis of the visual and other systems, Vision research 37:3593-3607 22 Hof PR, et al (1997) Atypical form of Alzheimers disease with prominent posterior cortical atrophy. A review of lesion distribution circuit disconnection in cortical pathways, vision research 37:3607-3622 23 Shabana N, Cornilleau Peres V, Carkeet A, chew PTK: Motion perception in glaucoma patients: A review. Surv Opthalmol 2003;48:92-106 24 Bayer AU, Ferrari F,Erb C: High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimers disease. Eur Neurol 2002;47: 165-168. 25 Bayer AU, Ferrari F: Severe progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in patients with Alzheimers disease. Eye 2002;165-168. 26 Gomez-Tortosa. et al: Pupil response to Tropicamide in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neurol (1996) 94:104-109. 27 Reitner A. et al, The mydriatic effect of tropicamide and its diagnostic use in Alzheimers disease. Vis Res 1997; 37:95-115. 28 Grunberger J. et al, Receptor test ( pupillary dilation after application of 0.01% tropicamide solution) and determination of central nervous activation ( Fourier analysis of papillary oscillations) in patients with Alzheimers disease. Neruropsychobiology 1999;40:40-46. 29 Granholm E, et al, Tropicamide effects on pupil size and papillary light reflexes in Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. Int j Psychophsiol 2003; 47:95-115. 30 Scinto LFM. et al, Pupil assay and Alzheimers disease: A critical analysis. Neurology 1999;52:673-677. 31 Lawton TB: Image en hancement filters significantly improve reading performance for low vision observers. Opthalmic Phsiol Opt 1992;2:193-200. 32 120Sakai S. et al, Yellow glasses Improve contrast sensitivity of a patient with a visual variant of Alzheimers disease. Eur Neurol 2002;48:224-225. 33 Cronin-Golomb A. et al, Visul Dysfuntion in Alzheimers Disease: Relaion to normal ageingAnn Neurol 1991:29:41-52 34 Tetewsky SJ Duffy CJ (1999) Visual loss getting lost in Alzheimers disease. Neurology 52:958-965 35 OBrien et al. Visual mechanisms of spatial disorientation in Alzheimers disease. Cereb cortex (2001) 11:1083-1092. 36 Rizzo M, et al: Simulated car crashes at intersections in drivers with Alzheimers disease. 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Text Response the Catcher in the Rye - 1379 Words

Text Response: The Catcher in the Rye The novel, The Catcher in he Rye, written by J.D. Salinger was set in the late 1940 - early 1950s in New York. This novel explores the themes of loneliness, relationships and deception though the use of literary devices. Many symbols are used to enhance our understanding of the novel; such as Holden Caulfield s red hunting hat, the museum of Natural History, the ducks in Central Park Lagoon and the carousel. The author gives us an insight into the life of a young teenager facing physical and emotional exhaustion. He struggles to understand and connect to the society. he uses self deception to view society as phoney : fake and not genuine. The author has achieved the purpose of this novel. The†¦show more content†¦This creates a comparison between Holden and the novel. The novel is unpredictable and messy, completely opposite to Holden s idealised world/imagination; simple and understandable. Furthermore, the theme of this novel relies strongly on character development. The three themes of the novel: the painfulness of growing up, alienation as a form of self defence and the phoniness of adulthood are all based on the main character, Holden. Throughout the novel, Holden seems to isolate himself from the world. As he says to Mr Spencer, he feels trapped on the other side of life , and he constantly attempts to fit in as well as protecting himself from maturity. As the novel progresses, we began to realise that Holden s alienation is his way of protecting himself. Just as he wears his red hunting hat as a sign of individuality, he uses isolation as a proof that he is better than everyone else around him. He never describes his own emotions directly, and never attempts to discover the source of his pain, which shows he desperately needs love and companion. This painfulness of growing up is another theme of The Catcher in the Rye that helps our understanding of the novel. Holden is growing into adulthood, yet, he resists it. He fears change and complexity and wants everything to be simple and predictable; just like childhood. He rejects his fears and creates an idea that adulthood is superficial and phoney. As theShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper proposes to delineate the characteristics of Holden Caulfield, the adolescent protagonist hero of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and illu minate the reasons as to why this prototype of brooding adolescence, displaying a rather uber-cool style of disaffection, disenchantment and disillusionment became an indispensable figure of interest, in literary circles as well as popular culture. 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Arti Sebuah Kesuksesan Dan Bagaimana Memulainya - 796 Words

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Impact of the Ratification of the 13th Amendment on Commerce

Background Information on the Thirteenth Amendment: The 13th amendment to the United States’ constitution was introduced in order to free the slaves from slavery and make united states a free country by abolishing and prohibiting slavery. This amendment finalized the abolition of slave trade in the United States. The 13th amendment has its origin in the proposition made by Abraham Lincoln to his cabinet in relation to the freeing of all slaves in the rebellious states. It was proposed by the 38th congress of the United States and passed by the senate on 8th April 1864 before being adopted on the 6th of December in 1865 following the announcement of the secretary of state who declared it to have been adopted. President Lincoln made an†¦show more content†¦Cotton which was grown by slaves contributed to more than half of the export earnings of the United States before the abolition of slave trade. 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Free Will Compatible With Determinism Essay - 1634 Words

Elizabeth Donis Professor Ryan Hay Phil. 190 11 December, 2015 Free Will Compatible With Determinism Free will – a concept that always brings forth the question, â€Å"Does free will exist?† There are various arguments that come from both sides of the discussion, those in favor of free will based on religious text, and those that can argue that free will is a concept and ideal created to give humans the illusion that they have the ability to choose what they can do in life.The question is, do we really have the ability to choose what we please or do our actions come forth from the past events? In this case, compatibilist would question both but accept them at the same time. This paper will present both sides for and against free will and also argue how determinism is compatible with freedom. For those that do not know, compatibilists agree that determinism is true in which it implies that every choice is linked to past events in the world. 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Nuclear Fusion Essay examples - 832 Words

The Industrial Revolution sparked a need for large sources of energy. Human and animal labor could not provide the power necessary to power industrial machinery, railroads, and ships. The steam engine and later the internal combustion engine provided the bulk of the energy required by the industrial age. Today most nations are still heavily reliant on energy that comes from combustion. Usually coal, petrolium, and natural gas are used. Some hydroelectric, wind power, and nuclear fission sources are used, but in the US they accounted for less than 20% of the total energy consumption in 1997 (1). Many experts are worried that natural resources such as coal and petrolium are being depleted faster than they are being replenished, which could†¦show more content†¦Unlike solids, liquids, and gasses, plasmas have no electrons surrounding the nuclei of its atoms. Scientists have been trying for many years to build nuclear reactors that would allow a sustained fusion reaction to occur. There are several factors that influence a fusion reaction. Since very high kinetic energies are needed for nuclei to fuse, the plasma in which fusion occurs is extremely hot. Temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees celsius are required for the easiest fusion reaction to take place. Plasmas are fluids, and therefore they have no permanent shape and will quickly disperse if not confined. A 100 million degree plasma will vaporise any container in which it is placed, so magnetic fields are used to contain the plasma. Since the electrons are stripped from the atoms in a plasma, all that remains is the positively charged nucleus, which can be acted on by magnetic fields. In magnetic confinement reactors, so-called magnetic bottles are created with magnetic fields that confine the plasma. In experiments, however, plasmas can only be contained for a few seconds before their oscilations cause them to come into contact with the walls of the reactor. 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